应
Definition
yīng:* 该，当，又引申料想理该如此。 ～当。～该。～分（ fèn ）。～有尽有。 * 回答。 答～。喊他不～。～承。 * 随，即："桓督诸将周旋赴讨，～皆平定"。 * 姓。 yìng:* 回答或随声相和。 ～答。呼～。～对（答对）。～和（ hè ）。反～（ａ．化学上指物质发生化学变化，产生性质和成分与原来不同的新物质；ｂ．人和动物受到刺激而发生的活动和变化；ｃ．回响，反响）。 * 接受，允许，答应要求。 ～邀。～聘。～考。 * 顺合，适合。 顺～。适～。～机。～景。～时。～用文。 * 对待。 ～付。～变。～酬
should, ought to, must
Structure
Related substructures
Precursors
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->