* 同"雷"
(ancient form of U+9741 雷) thunder, mine (an explosive); fuse
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* 同"禅"
(ancient form of 禪) to sacrifice to heaven, the imperial power, as only the emperor was allowed to offer these sacrifices, to cleanse; to exorcize, of Buddhism; Buddhist
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"瑰"
(non-classical form of 瓌) (variant of 瑰) a kind of jasper; stone which is little less valuable than jade, extraordinary; fabulous or admirable
* 同"嚲"
(same as 嚲) to hang down; to let fall
* 同"坛"。 * 《八辅》 第37区， 第74字
(same as 壇) a platform for sacrificial rites; an altar, an arena; a hall for important meetings and ceremonies in ancient China
* 同"廪"
(same as 廩) a granary, to supply (foodstuff), to stockpile
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"詯"。 * 拼音huì 买了东西转让给他人。吴语。 该件衣裳～拨给你吧
(same as 詯) courage
* 拼音huí。 * 一种坚木， 可以制造轮船。 * 《八辅》 第32区， 第86字
(translated) A hardwood for shipbuilding; Entry 86, Section 32 of "Bafu"
* 拼音huí。一种长一尺， 羽毛有五色斑纹的鸟
(translated) A type of bird, about one chi in length, with five-colored patterned feathers
* "懎" 的类推简化字
(translated) Analogical simplified form of "懎"
* "濇" 的类推简化字
(translated) Analogical simplified form of "濇"
* "𬱈" 的类推简化字
(translated) Analogical simplified form of "𬱈"
* 古同"凛"
(translated) Ancient form of "凛"
* 古同"坦"
(translated) Ancient form of "坦"
* 古同"穑"
(translated) Ancient form of "穑"
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 《贞元新定释教目録》: 新上馀録无年依～鸾録多从晋年号从张轨谥爲武王永宁元年
(translated) Appears in the record 𮗞鸾录, which mostly follows era names of Jin Dynasty, for example Yongning first year of King Wu
* 粤语coèng
(translated) Cantonese, pronounced as coèng
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Character used in Chinese personal names
* 拼音hú。咒语用字
(translated) Character used in incantations
* 拼音zhèng。中国人名用字
(translated) Chinese personal name character
* 金文隶定字， 同"廩"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》434 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第4240器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form derived from bronze inscriptions, same as "廩"; Original form found in bronze inscriptions
* 金文隶定字。 字见《殷周金文集成引得》1184 頁。金文原形字出自《 殷周金文集成》第5687 器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze inscription
* 金文隶定字， 同"林"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》709 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第105器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze inscription, same as 林; Original form in bronze inscription
* 金文隶定字。 同"郴"。 字
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze inscription; same as "郴"
* 金文隶定字。 族名用字。字见《 殷周金文集成引得》623頁
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze script character, used for clan names
* 金文隶定字， 同"檁"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》1184 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第103器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze script, same as "檁" (purlin); Original form of bronze script
* 金文隶定字， 同"廩"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》1184 頁
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze script, same as 廩
* 金文隶定字。 人名用字。字见《 殷周金文集成引得》1342頁
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze script; Used in personal names; Appears in *Index to Yin and Zhou Bronze Inscriptions*, page 1342
* 金文隶定字。 義不詳。字見《 殷周金文集成引得》527頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第10478器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze script; original form of bronze script; meaning unknown
* 金文隶定字， 同"林"。 字见《殷周金文集成引得》889 頁
(translated) Clerical script standardized form of bronze script; same as "林"
* 金文隶定字， 同"林"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》434 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第45器銘文中
(translated) Clerical-script form derived from Jinwen; same as 林
* 《四十帖決》: 座笀謂如同座及～打敷物也或以毛作之云云如炎摩天座如大
(translated) Described as being similar to "座笀" (seat-méng) and is a type of "打敷物" (dǎ fū wù), which are mats laid out for seating; or they can be made of wool, etc.; similar to a large seat like the Flaming Heaven seat
* 拼音dàn。[～䯥] 头骨高的样子
(translated) Describing the appearance of a tall skull;
* 读音trám，（cá～）→（cá～cỏ） 草鱼。（cá～đen）青鱼
(translated) Grass carp; Black carp
* 玉名
(translated) Jade name
* 拼音lǎn。 * [輡(kǎn)～]。 * 车行不平。 * 不得志
(translated) Kǎn~; Bumpy ride; Frustrated
* 金文隶定字， 同"燣"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》1024 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第6374器銘文中
(translated) Lishu form of bronze script character, same as "燣"; Original form in bronze script
* 〔蜿～〕（水流）宛延曲折，如"～～胶戾。"亦作"涴潬"
(translated) Meandering; tortuous (of water flow in "蜿灗")
* qínɡ ㄑㄧㄥˊ 义未详
(translated) Meaning not detailed
* 拼音huí
(translated) Pinyin is huí
* 拼音sè。 * 车马络带。 * 同"轖"。古代车箱两旁或车前曲栏上用皮革交错缠缚的障蔽物
(translated) Pinyin sè; Harness straps for horses and carriages; Same as "轖", referring to ancient times, a screen or barrier made of interwoven leather straps, used on both sides of carriage bodies or on the front curved railings of carriages
* 拼音sè。中国人名用字
(translated) Pinyin sè; used in Chinese given names
* 拼音sè 中国人名用字
(translated) Pinyin: sè; Used in Chinese personal names
* 《改併四声篇海》引《搜真玉镜》音回。"㻁瑶"地名。在福建省。 * 〈方〉〔～店〕瓷器商店。闽语
(translated) Place name "Huiyao" in Fujian Province; <dialect> [～店] porcelain shop; china shop. (Min dialect)
* 拼音sè。助
(translated) Pronounced as "sè"; auxiliary
* 读音bầm 义未详
(translated) Pronounced as bám; Meaning unknown
* 读音bầm 义未详
(translated) Pronounced bǎn, meaning unknown
* 读音kakamari， 指"弯下身躯"
(translated) Pronounced kakamari; to bend down
* 读音lám，lõm，lấm 义未详
(translated) Pronounced lám, lõm, lấm; meaning unknown
* 读音疑为hoe， 人名用字
(translated) Pronunciation is suspected to be hoe; used in personal names
* 拼音chǎn
(translated) Pronunciation: chǎn
* 读音lúm 与lủm 义未详
(translated) Pronunciation: lúm and lǔm; meaning unknown
* 读音lấm 义未详
(translated) Pronunciation: lấm; Meaning unknown
* 读音bẵm 与bặm 义未详
(translated) Readings are bẵm and bặm; meaning unknown
* 见"繬"
(translated) Refer to "繬"; Same as "繬"
* 同"㱇"
(translated) Same as "㱇"
* 同"䕲"
(translated) Same as "䕲"
* 同"凛"
(translated) Same as "凛"
* 同"厚"
(translated) Same as "厚"
* 同"城"
(translated) Same as "城"
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"堵"
(translated) Same as "堵"
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"墙"
(translated) Same as "墙"
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"墙"
(translated) Same as "墙"
* 同"墙"
(translated) Same as "墙", meaning "wall"
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"墻"
(translated) Same as "墻"
* 同"墻"。 * 拼音sè。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "墻"; Used in Chinese personal names
* 同"嫱"
(translated) Same as "嫱"
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"廩"
(translated) Same as "廩"
* 同"廩"
(translated) Same as "廩"
* 同"廩"
(translated) Same as "廩"
* 同"恛"
(translated) Same as "恛"
* 同"悉"
(translated) Same as "悉"
* 同"旜"
(translated) Same as "旜"
* 同"林"
(translated) Same as "林"
* 同"氈"
(translated) Same as "氈"
* 拼音qiáng。同"牆"。見朱駿聲《 說文通訓定聲》
(translated) Same as "牆"
* 同"癛"。中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "癛"; Used as a Chinese given name character
* 同"癛"。中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "癛"; Used for Chinese given names
* 同"禀"。 * 拼音bǐng。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "禀"; Used in Chinese given names
* 同"穑"
(translated) Same as "穑"; harvesting
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"缁"。见《 新集藏经音义随函录》
(translated) Same as "缁"
* 同"缺"
(translated) Same as "缺"
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"膻"
(translated) Same as "膻"
* 同"蔷"
(translated) Same as "蔷"
* 同"薔"
(translated) Same as "薔"
* 同"蘽"
(translated) Same as "蘽"
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"褢"
(translated) Same as "褢"
* 同"轖"
(translated) Same as "轖"
* 同"还"
(translated) Same as "还"
* 同"郭"
(translated) Same as "郭"
* 同"郭"
(translated) Same as "郭"
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"郭"
(translated) Same as "郭"
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"饘"
(translated) Same as "饘"
* 同"鳣"
(translated) Same as "鳣"; sturgeon
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"鹯"
(translated) Same as "鹯"
* 同"𡀀"
(translated) Same as "𡀀"
* 同"𡗋"
(translated) Same as "𡗋"
* 同"𡗋"
(translated) Same as "𡗋"
* 同"𡦟"
(translated) Same as "𡦟"
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𡽾"
(translated) Same as "𡽾"
* 同"𤒀"。 * 拼音yuè。 * 火气
(translated) Same as "𤒀"; pronounced as yuè; fire energy, heat, or temper