* 拼音pēi〈 粤语〉。 * 量词， 相当于"对"。 * 扑克牌
(Cant.) a pair (from the Engl.); to stagger
LvHI4tKy
2739 
* 同"呗"
(Cant.) a suffix indicating time
* 同"摝"。 * 《八辅》 第25区， 第7字
(Cant.) classifier for lengths of cylindrically shaped objects
* 同"捏"
(Cant.) determination, resolution
* 粤音ngaa6、aa6。 * 助词， 用于句末
(Cant.) final particle
* 粤语záa、zaa5、zāa。 * 一会儿。 * [罅～] 肮脏。 * 句末助词
(Cant.) final particle
* 〈方〉么；吗（表示疑问）。赣语
(Cant.) final particle for emphasis
* 拼音zá。[擸(là)～] 肮脏，邋遢
(Cant.) garbage
* 拼音chě。 * (方) 唠～，亦作唠扯， 聊天， * (粤) 叹词
(Cant.) interjection
* 〔搪～〕古同"唐突"。 * 揩
(Cant.) lay up; sit
* 拼音guō。同"剐"
(Cant.) rotten, bad, spoiled
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音xiè。持
(Cant.) sections or wedges (as of fruit); to take in the hand; to use
* 同"搄"
(Cant.) tight, distended
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音jí。盖印。 粤语。～印（ 盖印）
(Cant.) to affix a chop or seal to a document
* 古同"秉"，持，拿着
(Cant.) to beat
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 捣，撞："五指之更弹，不若手之一～。" * 割禾声。 * 刺
(Cant.) to beat
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音dé 粤语。 * 砸， 捶打：～榄核。 * 掉， 摔：只手表～ 咗落地（手表掉在地上）。 * （雨水） 淋打：～到周身都湿晒（ 淋得全身都湿了）
(Cant.) to beat, poud; to get drenched
* 〈方〉赶。粤语
(Cant.) to chase, drive away
mán:* 引。 màn:* 击打
(Cant.) to climb, hold on to, cling to; to pull the trigger on a gun
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音qīn。 * 盖。 如"～好被"。 * 倒闭。 * 掴。 * 来源为《 汉字结构字典》第542 页倒数第三字。汉字结构字典信息： 周少泉、周思彤著， 广东人民出版社2014年7 月出版
(Cant.) to cover
* 〈方〉埋。粤语
(Cant.) to cover, bury; push from behind
nǐ:* 古同"柅"，止。 * 手指物。 ní:* 研磨。 * 古地名
(Cant.) to crush, mash, grind
* 方言，拖拖拉拉，磨时间。 抓紧啲，唔～时间（抓紧一点，不要磨时间）。 * 方言，完成工作所需的时间长。 呢件嘢系好～功夫（这件事好费功夫）
(Cant.) to delay, waste time; to throw down, beat; to hang down
* 拼音xiàn。 * 威武。 * 止
(Cant.) to draw lines
* 摇动："其七十二人给大官～马酒。" * 古同"恫"，恐惧。 * 方言，自上掷下
(Cant.) to dredge or poke with a pole or stick
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 方言，歇；休息。 ～一阵（歇一会）。食完饭～吓（吃了饭休息一下）
(Cant.) to gasp; to breathe; to rest
* 粤语deói
(Cant.) to goad, incite
* 拼音ná。中国人名用字
(Cant.) to grab with the hands; and, with
* 取
(Cant.) to grasp, hold
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
qíng:* 古同"擎"，举。 * 古同"檠"，矫正弓的器具："～不正，而可以正弓。" jǐng:* 古同"儆"，戒，警戒
(Cant.) to guard against, take precautions
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
dì:* 取；撮取；掠取："超殊榛，～飞鼯。" tú:* 击。 zhí:* 古同"摭"，拾取
(Cant.) to hit
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"抻"
(Cant.) to hold between the fingers and thumb
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
kēng:* 撞（钟）。 qiān:* 古同"牵"："～象犀。"
(Cant.) to knock, hit
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
qìng:* 抓住。 qiàn:* 古通"倩"，请求
(Cant.) to lift up; to seize, grab
* 搦
(Cant.) to measure a distance with the extended thumb and forefinger or middle finger
* 纠缠
(Cant.) to pester, nag; to wallow; to roll around on the floor
* 方言，拉，拽。 ～～扯扯。佢～甩咗我只衫纽（他拽掉了我一个衣服扣子）。 * 方言，拔。 ～草。鸭尾吔毛仲味～干净（鸭屁股上的毛还没拔干净）
(Cant.) to pluck, to pull
* 拼音duì 牵动。吴语
(Cant.) to poke, nudge; stretch out
* 古同"撑"，支撑。 * 触；撞："（虎）若恃爪牙之利，必昏黑～突。"
(Cant.) to pull open (a drawer)
qián:* 基业。 * 记。 * 把。 qín:* 古同"擒"，捉
(Cant.) to pull out
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
sè:* 捎。 * 古同"槭"，树枝光秃，叶凋落的样子。 mí:* 击，打："弃却瓢囊～碎琴，如今不恋水中金。" sù:* 到，至
(Cant.) to pull, lift up
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音wàn。中国人名用字
(Cant.) to pull, turn
* 古同"掹"
(Cant.) to pull; to stretch; to pluck
* 拼音rǒng。 * 推车。 * 助。 * 拒
(Cant.) to push from behind
* 拼音lù。 * 抓住。 * 捋
(Cant.) to rub
* 读音paāng 。 * 赶走
(Cant.) to rush; chase someone out, drive out
* 同"措"
(Cant.) to save up (money)
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 攪
(Cant.) to save up (money), to save up bit-by-bit
* 拼音piē。 * 舀； 盛。粤语。～ 水|～汤|～ 饭。 * 撮。 粤语。～垃圾
(Cant.) to scoop up, ladle out
* 拼音yī。〈方〉 搔；挠
(Cant.) to scratch
* 拼音wà。舀
(Cant.) to scratch
* 拼音chāo。 * 粤语。 * 搜：～ 身。 * 翻：～ 咩吖（翻什么）
(Cant.) to search
jiǎo:* 拘击。 * 动。 * 古同"剿"，断绝；灭绝。 chāo:* 取；水中捞物。 * 古同"钞"
(Cant.) to search for, look for; to beat up
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音lǔ。 * 摇动。 * 同"掳"。掳掠， 强取
(Cant.) to shake violently, stir; to strip
ào:* 動。 áo:* 同"摮"
(Cant.) to shake, rattle
zhì:* 挃擳。 jié:* 古同"幯"，拭
(Cant.) to squeeze out; tickle
* 古同"搭"
(Cant.) to strike, pound
* 粤语dà。 * (粤) 同"𢱕"
(Cant.) to strike, pound; same as "𢱕"
* shāo同"筲"。《彙音寶鑑》："～， 竹器也。"
(Cant.) to take without asking
* 用手拔。 * 摩
(Cant.) to tear, peel, twist with the fingers
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 〈方〉扔弃。粤语
(Cant.) to throw away
* 〈方〉摔（一般指摔软的东西）；突然倒下。粤语
(Cant.) to throw down, fall down
* 拼音duǎn。同"短"
(Cant.) to touch; to bump into; to take, get, receive; to lightly support something with the hand
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"帧"
(Cant.) to widen with force
* 吆喝牲口前进的声音，也称"驾"！ * 〈方〉相当于"啊"。吴语
(Cant.) 啲咑, a trumpet
* 〈方〉舀
(a dialect character) cup the hand, (corrupted form of U+65CA 瓬) clay pottery; earthenware
* 拼音qìng。竟
(a dialect) to come to an end; to terminate
yì:* 合板㑜縫。 chì:* 刻
(a dialect) to engrave
* 〈方〉縫綴。 ～紐扣
(a dialect) to sew some ornaments (button; decorations, etc.) on the clothes
* 见"掆"
(a simplified form of 掆) to carry on the shoulders of two or more men, to raise
* "撝" 的简体字。 * 拼音huī。 * 分裂； 剖开。 * 挥； 挥散。 * 指挥。 * 挥动。 * 挥手呵斥或挥手示退。 * 谦抑
(a simplified form 撝) to wave, to assist
* 见"擽"
(a simplified form) to strike; to tap, to shock
* 同"据"。 * 拼音jù
(a variant of 據) to receive, as communications from a subordinate, to rely on, to lean on, evidence; proof, according to; whereas
* 同"据"。 * 拼音jù
(a variant of 據) to receive, as communications from a subordinate, to rely on, to lean on, evidence; proof, according to; whereas
* 同"㩹"。排也
(a variant) to pile on; to fold up, to draw together; to collect
* 同"擠"。民国一简
(abbreviated form of 擠) to crowd; to throng; to push; to squeeze
* 同"㧐"
(abbreviated form) to hold; to grasp, to detain, to uphold, to push, to stand upright
* 同"抽"
(ancient form of U+62BD 抽) to draw out; to pull out; to take out, to sprout; to put forth shoots, to rid; to take away; to whip; (Cant.) to shake down
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"扏"。 * 拼音qiú
(ancient form of 扏) slow; gradual; tardy; leisurely, to delay; to put off; to defer
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
shōu:* 同"收"。 jiū:* 同"摎"。纠缠；纠结
(ancient form of 收) to receive what is due; to gather together, to harvest, to collect; to put away, to close, to bind, to restrain, to bring to the end, (same as 摎) entwined -- as branches of a tree; to tangle; to involve, to collaborate; to band together
* 握。 ～拳头。用手～住
(coll.) hold; grip; grasp
* 同"抔"。 * 拼音póu
(corrupted form of U+638A 掊) to exact, to get salt from sea-water, to break up; to injure, to hold something in both hands; to scoop up mud; (Cant.) to hit, strike, knock
* 同"撷"。 * 拼音xié
(corrupted form of 擷) to collect; to take up; to pick; to gather
* 同"㰕"
(corrupted form of 檥) (interchangeable 艤) to moor to the bank
* "㩍" 的讹字
(corrupted form) to back up; to support, to take; to receive; to fetch; to obtain; to take hold of; (Cant.) to throw, heave, fling away
* 拼音zhè。 * 见胓。 * 脟皮
(in chemistry) olein, oil and grease; fats (esp. animal), the ribs and skin
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"䀿"
(interchangeable 䀿) to have a casual and short glance; to catch a glimpse of, pretty eyes, insight; vision, bright eyes
* 同"捷"。 * 拼音jié。 * 义未详
(non-classical form of 捷) to win; to triumph, swift; quick; rapid
* 同"揃"。 * 拼音jiǎn
(non-classical form of 揃) to cut away; to cut off; to cut down; to eliminate; to remove; to exterminate
* 同"攕"。 * 拼音jiān
(non-classical form of 攕) delicate hand (of a woman)
* 同"攜"
(non-classical form of 攜) to lead by the hand, to conduct to; to take with
* 同"搅"。 * 拼音jiǎo
(non-classical form of 攪) to disturb or to agitate; to bother; to trouble, to stir; to churn; to mix evenly by stirring
* 同"梳"。 * 拼音shū
(non-classical form of 梳) a comb; a coarse comb; to comb
* 同"榫"
(non-classical form of 榫) to fit into, a tenon, connected
* 同"游"
(non-classical form of 游) to swim; to float, to roam; to travel
* 拼音yè。以铁为楬
(non-classical form 楬) a metal marking- stake; a guidepost; a pile
* 同"𢭂"
(non-classical form) to close; to shut, to block up, to pull or drag out of the water; to fish up; to salvage
* 拼音chòng。 * 跳。 * 撞击
(non-classical form) to jump; to leap; to bounce; (in general) get angry and leave away, to bump; (Cant.) to poke, jab
* 同"𢸣"。 * 拼音niǎo。 * 掀。 吴语、湘语。 * 用力推。 湘语
(same as U+22E23 "𢸣") to select, pick
mín:* 抚；摹。 wěn:* 同"抆"
(same as U+62BF 抿) to smooth, to stroke; to pucker, to contract, to wipe away
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"捦（擒）"。急持；捉。 * 同"鈙"。持
(same as U+64D2 擒) to arrest; to capture; (Cant.) to press down firmly
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->