* 同"僄"
(translated) same as "僄"
NIMEVi7J
446 
Related structures
* 同"劕"
(translated) same as "劕"
* 同"卑"
(translated) same as "卑"
* 同"多"
(translated) same as "多"
* 疑同"娈"。《韩国文集丛刊 青泉集》原文： 黄天用赋得春萝一首，辞甚婉～， 戱为和奉
(translated) same as "娈"
* 同"弁"
(translated) same as "弁"
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音jiā。同"抸"。挈
(translated) same as "抸"; to carry in hand
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"沙"
(translated) same as "沙"
* 同"罗"
(translated) same as "罗"
* 同"蚩"
(translated) same as "蚩"
* 同"袽"。《倭名類聚鈔, 卷第十一,舟具第百四十五》" 周易注云衣～,女余反又奴下反, 字亦作袽。和名" 夫禰乃能米"所以塞舟漏也。"
(translated) same as "袽"; used for plugging boat leaks
* 同"觘"。 * 拼音chào。 * 船行不平稳
(translated) same as "觘"; boat traveling unsteadily
* 同"鏊"
(translated) same as "鏊"
* "鱚"の 意。 * 訓読み：きす
(translated) same as "鱚"; Japanese reading: kisu
* 同"𠯬"
(translated) same as "𠯬"
* 同"𡁛"
(translated) same as "𡁛"
* 同"𡄭"
(translated) same as "𡄭"
* 同"𡋥"
(translated) same as "𡋥"
* 同"𡮇"
(translated) same as "𡮇"
* 同"𡮣"
(translated) same as "𡮣"
* 同"𡲫"
(translated) same as "𡲫"
* 同"𦆱"
(translated) same as "𦆱"
* 同"𨙹"
(translated) same as "𨙹"
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𨻶"
(translated) same as "𨻶"
* 同"𩟙"
(translated) same as "𩟙"
* 同"𩡾"
(translated) same as "𩡾"
* 同"𪃐"。 * 拼音miáo[～ 雀]麻雀。 吴语
(translated) same as "𪃐"; sparrow (Wu dialect)
* 同"𫴻"
(translated) same as "𫴻"
* 同"𭕌"
(translated) same as "𭕌"
* 同"𰼖"
(translated) same as "𰼖"
* 同"嫡"
(translated) same as legitimate
* 同"麨"
(translated) same as roasted flour
* 同"緞"
(translated) same as satin
* 拼音liè。同"劣"。，出自异鱼图赞（ 明。杨慎）
(translated) same as 劣; inferior; bad
* 同"卑"
(translated) same as 卑
* 同"杀"
(translated) same as 杀; kill
* 同"楊"
(translated) same as 楊
* 同"籬"。 * 拼音hóng。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) same as 籬; used in Chinese personal names
* 同"虩"
(translated) same as 虩
* 同"鏊"
(translated) same as 鏊
* 读音hoắt，[～]尖锐， 锋利
(translated) sharp; keen
* "閯" 的类推简化字。shā。 * 两脚或两手等向两侧分开； 散开。西南官话、 吴语。 * 树枝等与主干角度较大的分开。 西南官话。这树胯子～ 开哒。[～牙] 龅牙。客话。[～ 手]伸开指头。 粤语
(translated) simplified form of "閯"; to spread apart (legs, arms, etc.); to scatter. Southwestern Mandarin, Wu dialect; to spread at a wide angle (branches from trunk, etc.). Southwestern Mandarin. Examples: tree crotch spreading open; buck teeth (Hakka); spread fingers (Cantonese)
* "𤎤" 的类推简化字。láo[～]江淮官话。 * 闷热。 * 心烦。[～]。 * 不纯净， 含有杂物。江淮官话、 吴语。 * 凌乱， 不整齐。粤语。 * 不精美， 粗糙。胶辽官话。 * 马虎， 草率。粤语。 * 贪吃。 吴语
(translated) simplified form of "𤎤"; stuffy (Jianghuai Mandarin); annoyed; impure; containing impurities (Jianghuai and Wu dialects); messy; disorderly; untidy (Cantonese); coarse; rough; not refined (Jiaoliao Mandarin); careless; sloppy; hasty (Cantonese); gluttonous; greedy (for food) (Wu dialect)
* 读音saeq。 小，细。事歐～。 办事要细心
(translated) small; fine
* 拼音zhuī。小。 一说小鸟
(translated) small; small bird (one interpretation)
* 读音nhí 轻声细语。[～穎] 嬉戏
(translated) speak softly and gently; frolic
* 甲骨文隶定字。 人名，见《 古陶文彙编.3.995》。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) standardized form in clerical script of oracle bone script; used in personal names, see "Compendium of Ancient Pottery Characters.3.995"; Chinese personal name character
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
* 读音xỉn 吝啬
(translated) stingy
* 炒的米粉或面粉，一种干粮："朝出移秧夜食～。"
(translated) stir-fried rice flour or wheat flour; a type of dry food
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音shǎo。 * [～～]身材修长。 * 《八辅》 第42区， 第5字
(translated) tall and slender
* 读音tua 流苏
(translated) tassel, pronounced "tua"
* 拼音suó。[駞～] 马行进的样子
(translated) the way a horse moves
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"缬"。 见《 念诵结护法普通诸部》
(translated) tie-dye; figured silk
* 拼音miǎo。细小的草
(translated) tiny grass
* 读音choai [～～] 长大
(translated) to grow up
* ～綸手簸弄日月江湖濱
(translated) to handle fishline by hand near water
* 拼音diào 缝补。吴语。～ 衣服
(translated) to mend
* 拼音luán 说（贬）。 中原官话、兰银官话
(translated) to say (derogatory)
* 行。 * 同"傞"
(translated) to walk; same as "傞"
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 读音trút 倒，泄； 推卸
(translated) topple; spill; leak; shirk responsibility
* 《行林抄》: 婆悉徴囉虞嬭尾～囉惹恙穆儞七； 南谟～伽伐帝云云。《 祕钞问答》:墨画之上以朱粪～ 綵之龙鳞同之佛师可授八齐戒事已上
(translated) use red pigment; apply red pigment
* 拼音yí。中国人名用字
(translated) used for Chinese personal names
* 拼音què。中国人名用字
(translated) used in Chinese personal names
* "𩴑"的异体字
(translated) variant form of "𩴑"
* 同"纙"
(translated) variant of "纙"
* 同"渺"
(translated) vast; indistinct
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 疾行
(translated) walking quickly
* 拼音chāo。风起
(translated) wind rises
* 读音trẻ。 年轻、幼小
(translated) young; young and small
* 《行林抄》: 没駄南唵遏三谜～哩三谜三摩曳萨缚诃
(translated) 《Xinglin Chao》: 没駄南唵遏三谜～哩三谜三摩曳萨缚诃
* 〔鬖～〕见"鬖"
Acquired from 䯯: (same as 䯯) hang down of the hair; dishevelled hair
* 同"坏"
Semantic variant of 壞: bad, spoil(ed), ruin, destroy
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"弟"
Semantic variant of 弟: young brother; junior; i, me
* 同"囱"
Semantic variant of 窗: window
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"筍"
Semantic variant of 筍: bamboo shoot; joint; tendon
* 同"远"
Semantic variant of 遠: distant, remote, far; profound
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"难"
Semantic variant of 難: difficult, arduous, hard; unable
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"鲨"
Semantic variant of 鯋: shark
* 同"麼"
Semantic variant of 麼: interrogative final particle; insignificant, small, tiny
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* shā ㄕㄚ 同"裟"。 英语 kokuji to pull out hair， etc
[kokuji] to pull out hair, etc
* 〔袈～〕见"袈"
a cassock or robe of a monk
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 母牛
a cow; female of certain animals
* 同"隙"
a crevise, fissure; time, leisure; unpreparedness
* 拼音shā。见"𢁾"
a fine thread, a net with small; tiny holes
* 拼音liè。 * 恶木。 * 《八辅》 第32区， 第83字
a kind inferior wood
* 拼音suō。古书上说的一种大树， 高数十丈，大四五围， 叶似飞鸟翅膀，树皮中有面， 可用来做饼吃
a kind of tree; very tall and its lieaves like bird"s wings; edible
shěng:* 三根木头交叉而成的支架，用来支撑滤筲。 sì:* 同"杫"。俎几；砧板
a rack or a stand with three sticks to cross each other, a chopping board
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* [～锣]。 * 一种小铜锣。 * 铜盆
a small gong, a sieve; a sifter; a strainer
chǎo:* 声音杂乱搅扰人。 ～人。～扰（❶吵闹使人不得安静；❷争吵）。 * 打嘴架、口角。 ～嘴。争～。 chāo:* chāo ㄔㄠˉ 〔～～〕吵闹（后一个"吵"读轻声）
argue, dispute; disturb, annoy
* 恶，坏。 恶～。～迹。 * 低下，弱下。 ～势。～等。低～。优～。 * 小于一定标准的。 ～弧（小于半圆的弧）
bad, inferior; slightly
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 谷物种子壳上的芒，引申为细微，微小。 ～忽（喻细微）。 * 时间的计算单位，一分钟的六十分之一。 ～表。～针。 * 弧和角的计算单位，一分的六十分之一。 * 经纬度的计算单位，一分的六十分之一。 * 古代长度单位，一寸的万分之一。 * 古代容量单位，十撮为一秒
beard of grain or corn; a second
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 瞎了一只眼，后亦指两眼俱瞎。 ～视（①用一只眼看；②轻视）。"生而～者不识日"。 * 细小，微小。 ～小。～～（①微小，如"～～之身"；②边远，高远，如"路～～之默默"；③远看，如"目～～兮愁予"）。～身（微小之身，古代帝王自称）。 * 同"渺"，远，高
blind in one eye; minute, minuscule
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 〔～子〕麻疹的俗称。 * 中医指霍乱、中暑、肠炎等急性病。 发～
cholera; colic
* 矫健敏捷："越人有重迟者，而人谓之～。" * 吵闹；烦扰。 * 轻佻。 * 抄写
clamour, uproar, annoyance, etc
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
shā:* 蔗糖。 chǎo:* 干粮，炒米
coarse
* 誊写，照原文写。 ～本。～写。～袭。传～。 * 搜查而没收。 ～没（ mò ）。～家。～斩。 * 走简捷的路。 ～近。～小道。包～。 * 同"绰"
copy, confiscate, seize
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 〔婆～〕见"婆"。（ pó ）。 * 〔～～〕轻扬、松散的样子，如"修初服之～～兮，长余佩之参参
dance, frolic; lounge; saunter
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 飞扬的灰土。 ～土。～埃。～垢。～芥（尘土和小草，喻轻微的事物）。粉～。烟～。甚嚣～上。望～莫及。 * 佛家、道家指人间。 红～。～世
dust, dirt, ashes, cinders
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音shěng。见"㼬"
earthenware (a basin; a pot; a bowl; a crock etc.)
* 微小。 ～小。～不足道。 * 水势辽远。 浩～。～邈。～～。～然。 * 茫茫然，看不清楚。 ～茫。～无人迹
endlessly long, boundless, vast
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
shǎo:* 数量小的，与"多"相对。 多～。～量。～许。 * 缺，不够。 缺～。减～。 * 不经常。 ～有。～见。 * 短时间。 ～等。～候。～顷。 * 丢，遗失。 屋里～了东西。 * 轻视："且夫我尝闻～仲尼之闻而轻伯夷之义者，如吾弗信，今我睹子之难穷也"。 shào:* 年纪轻或年轻人。 ～年。～女。～壮（年轻力壮）。 * 古代辅佐长官的副职。 ～傅。～保。 * 次级的。 ～校。～将（ jiàng ）。 * 姓
few, less, inadequate
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->