* 同"樯"
(translated) Same as mast
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244 
lái:* 同"來"。到來。 lài:* 就。 * 同"勑"。勞
(translated) Same as 來; to arrive; Then; same as 勑; to labor; to comfort
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"垠"
(translated) Same as 垠
* 同"敕"
(translated) Same as 敕
* 同"赉"
(translated) Same as 赉
* 同"釐"
(translated) Same as 釐
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
* 同"隑"
(translated) Same as 隑
* 或同"麪"
(translated) Same as 麪
* 同"麵"
(translated) Same as 麵; noodle
* 读音vai 肩膀
(translated) Shoulder; pronounced "vai"
* 拼音líng。疑同"𣣋"
(translated) Suspected to be same as "𣣋"
* 拼音kù。疑同"𪍠"
(translated) Suspected to be same as "𪍠"
* 狗发怒而龇牙裂嘴的样子
(translated) The look of a dog baring its fangs in anger
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 人名用字。 朴～
(translated) Used for personal names, e.g. 朴[𮣠]
* 拼音yìn。中国人名用字。 疑为"慭" 讹字
(translated) Used in Chinese given names; suspected to be a corrupted form of "慭"
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 拼音lài。 * 中国人名用字。 * 讀音asaborake 天亮(的時候)
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names; Pronunciation *asaborake* (dawn)
* 同"䴰"
(translated) Variant of "䴰"
* [崎] 读音いちざき。日本姓氏
(translated) Variant of [崎]; Japanese surname, pronounced ichizaki
* 〈喃〉义同男
(translated) Vietnamese, same as 男 (man)
* 〈喃〉义同男
(translated) Vietnamese: same as male
* 读音pyo。 小麥，麥子也
(translated) Wheat; wheat grain
* 拼音lín。一种鱼
(translated) a kind of fish
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音lái。[～] 大黑
(translated) big black
* 金文隶定字。 人名用字。 字見《 殷周金文集成引得》1174頁。 金文原形字出自《殷周金文集成》 第15器銘文中
(translated) clerical form of bronze script character; used in personal names
* 麦糠里的粗屑，多用以指粗食
(translated) coarse particles in wheat bran; often used to refer to coarse food
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* "䴷" 的讹字，酒曲； 以麦子制作的酒曲。 *
(translated) corrupted form of "䴷", wine ferment; wine ferment made from wheat
* 呼声
(translated) exclamation
* 狸。 * 古同"来"："氐羌～服。"
(translated) fox; anciently same as "来"
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 读音trái 果实
(translated) fruit
* 《薄双纸》: 鉢罗折七倶素谜八具苏摩伐～
(translated) is represented as 鉢罗折七倶素谜八具苏摩伐～
* 拼音lái。[～瓄] 玉
(translated) jade
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 〔～鸠〕鹰的一种。 * 〔～䴈〕美洲鸵鸟
(translated) kind of hawk; rhea
* 擧世無不嗜。 重之甚麷～。我家素排斥。 立法曾王考
(translated) loved by everyone in the world; valued as cheese-like food; rejected by my family; established by ancestral laws
lái:* 古女子人名用字。 lài:* 美好的样子
(translated) lái: character used in ancient female names; lài: beautiful appearance
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
* 读音lai。 * 多。 * 比较。 * 太， 很，极
(translated) many; compare; too; very; extremely
* 古国名，中国春秋时被齐所灭。故地在今山东省龙口市莱子城一带。亦作"莱"。 * 古地名，中国春秋时属郑，在今河南省荥阳县东厘城旧址。 * 姓
(translated) name of an ancient state in China, destroyed by Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period; site is around Laizicheng in Longkou, Shandong today; name of an ancient place in China, belonged to Zheng during the Spring and Autumn Period, located at the old site of Licheng in eastern Xingyang, Henan today; surname
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 玉名
(translated) name of jade
* 拼音yǐn。 * 牙齿整齐。 * 笑而露齿
(translated) neat and even teeth; smile showing teeth
* 拼音lái。毰
(translated) onomatopoeia
* 拼音lái。耕
(translated) plow
* 读音raiz 露水
(translated) raiz: dew
* 合之～ 未能洒掃墓所悲愴難堪○十二日辛卯猶子陪嫂氏往
(translated) related to combining
* 同"䚅"
(translated) same as "䚅"
* 同"垠"
(translated) same as "垠"
* 同"枣"
(translated) same as "枣"
* 同"猍"
(translated) same as "猍"
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"糒"
(translated) same as "糒"
* 同"膝"。 * xī《干祿字書》："～ 膝，上俗下正。"《 正義》："～，疾反。 脛頭。" * lài《龍龕》："～， 俗。勒代反。 正作"睞"。"
(translated) same as "膝" (knee), non-classical form; interchangeable with "睞" (glance)
* 同"萊"
(translated) same as "萊"
* 同"蘠"
(translated) same as "蘠"
* 古同"赖"："～为如来亲加被，还同枯木再生春。"
(translated) same as "赖" in ancient times
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"鶒"
(translated) same as "鶒"
* 同"𤳇"
(translated) same as "𤳇"
* 同"𦠘"
(translated) same as "𦠘"
* 同"𩻜"
(translated) same as "𩻜"
* 同"𪎃"。 * 拼音niè
(translated) same as "𪎃"
* 同"麰"
(translated) same as barley
* 同"樯"
(translated) same as mast
* 同"秸"。 * 拼音jié
(translated) same as stalk; same as stem
* 同"馒"
(translated) same as steamed bun
* 同"啬"
(translated) same as stingy
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"䴳"
(translated) same as 䴳
* 同"樯"
(translated) same as 樯; mast
* 同"赉"
(translated) same as 赉
* 同"赖"
(translated) same as 赖;
* 同"鶒"
(translated) same as 鶒
* 拼音lí。[巍～]( 山）险峻奇特
(translated) steep and peculiar, describing mountains
* 炒的米粉或面粉，一种干粮："朝出移秧夜食～。"
(translated) stir-fried rice flour or wheat flour; a type of dry food
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音zhāi。啃咬
(translated) to gnaw
* 拼音lái。 * 至。 * 勤
(translated) to reach; diligent
* 荒田；休耕地
(translated) wasteland; fallow land
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 小麦
(translated) wheat
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 磨碎后未筛分为面与麸的麦屑："非凶岁为～粥……以为是天下之美味也。"
(translated) wheat grits that are ground but not sifted to separate flour and bran
lí:* 硬而鬈曲的毛，可以絮衣服。 * 牦牛："今夫～牛，其大若垂天之云。" tái:* 古同"邰"，古邑名，在今中国陕西省武功县南。 * 古县名，秦置，在今中国陕西省武功县西南
Acquired from 䋱: (same as 䋱) a wild yak, hard and curved hair, name of a county in ancient times
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
chī:* 不知。 lài:* 误
Acquired from 䜉: to jest; to joke; to quip (same as 䜉) unintelligible answering
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
* 炒熟的麦子。 * 蒲草："午其军，取其将，若拨～。"
Acquired from 䵄: (same as 䵄) to boil or stew wheat, to simmer ferment for brewing, (interchangeable 豐) various kinds of rush from which mats, bags, etc. are made; vines of the rushes
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 同"䵀"
Semantic variant of 䵀: coarse crumbs of barley, unrefined or unpolished wheat
* 同"啬"
Semantic variant of 嗇: miserly, thrifty, stingy; stopped up, constipated
* 同"啬"
Semantic variant of 嗇: miserly, thrifty, stingy; stopped up, constipated
* 古同"整"
Semantic variant of 整: orderly, neat, tidy; whole
* 同"斄"
Semantic variant of 斄: Acquired from 䋱: (same as 䋱) a wild yak, hard and curved hair, name of a county in ancient times
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"墙"
Semantic variant of 牆: wall
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"釐"
Semantic variant of 釐: manage, control; 1/1000 of a foot
* 古同"麸"
Semantic variant of 麩: bran
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"黧"
Semantic variant of 黧: a dark, sallow colour
* 同"䴬"。 * 拼音shú。 * 姓
a family name, (same as 䴬) crumbs of barley; bran; chaff
* 拼音huáng。曲尘
a kind of barley, dust of ferment for brewing; small crumbs of grains from the distillery
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音hū。饼一类食品
a kind of cake
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
tiè:* 饼类。 nián:* 〔青䴴〕藥草名。 * 同"黏"
a kind of cake, a kind of herb medicine, (same as 黏) to stick, glutinous; adhesive
* [䮰～]也作"馲"，骡类
a kind of mule; a kind of beast
* 同"鶒"
a kind of water bird with colorful feather
* 惡病。 * 久疾
a malignant disease, a chronic disease
* 拼音pí。成小饼状的酒曲
a small round piece of distiller"s grains or yeast
* 糕饼
a sticky rice ball
* 大麦："今夫～麦，播种而耰之。"
barley
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 见"麸"
bran
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 糕饼
cakes and biscuits
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音shàn。[～] 饼曲
cakes pf leaven; yeast, ferment for brewing, crumbs of barley
* 拼音guǒ。酒曲
cakes; biscuits; pastry, distiller"s grains or yeast, (interchangeable 稞) grains ready for grinding; healthy grains, flour, (same as 䴷) use the whole piece of barley to ferment for brewing
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->