* 拼音gōng。迷信的人指耳朵听见鬼的声音
(translated) In superstition, it refers to hearing a ghost"s voice
Structure 工 | HanziFinder
1319 
工 * "䀴" 的类推简化字
(translated) Analogy-based simplified form of "䀴"
* 小腿，从膝盖到脚跟的一段。 ～骨
shinbone; calf of leg
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 金文隶定字。 族名用字。字見《 殷周金文集成引得》311頁
(translated) Clerical script form of a bronze inscription character; used as a clan name
* 同"狔"
(translated) Same as "狔"
* 同"秜"
(translated) Same as "秜"
* 同"𧜙"
(translated) Same as "𧜙";
* 同"涅"。佛经音译用字
(translated) Same as "涅"; Used in transliterations of Buddhist scriptures
* 见"𡟫"
(translated) Same as "𡟫"
* 拼音gōng。中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese given names
* 《历代法宝记》：" 恰似壮士把一瘦人腰急地大好。"
(translated) forcefully seizing the waist
* 拼音hé。 * 古地名。 * 池
(translated) Pinyin hé; ancient place name; pond
* 〔杌～〕危险；不安，如"方今国势危疑，人心～～。"
in disorder; a dangerous condition of the State
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"恼"
(translated) Same as 恼
* 读音nghề, 农业
(translated) Pronunciation: nghề; agriculture
* 拼音qī。《五音集韻》：" 㬤～，去急切。 欲燥。"
(translated) tending to dry; about to dry
* 读音mu 猪
(translated) Pronounced as mu; pig
* 拼音hóng。皮肉红肿
a red swelling of the skin
* 拼音chē。《正字通· 入部》引《 篇海心鏡》："， 音車。"
(translated) pronounced "chē"
* 读音hòng 企图，妄图
(translated) Attempt; vainly attempt
* 〔～青〕药石
(translated) medicinal stone, as in "硿青"
* 古代用蓍草占卦："龟为卜，策为～"。～仕（古人将出外做官，先占卦问吉凶。后称初次做官为"筮仕"）
divination with stalks of plants; divining rod
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* "篢" 的简体字。 * 拼音gōng。 * 斗笠
(translated) simplified form of "篢" ; bamboo hat
* 读音nding 红（色）
(translated) Red color
* 见"弪"
circular measure
* 拼音qiāng。咽喉部位患的一种疾病
disease of the throat
* 见"硁"
the sound of stones knocking together
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音jīng 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese given names
* 疑为"莖"之讹。 中国人名用字
(translated) Suspected to be corrupted form of "莖"; Used in Chinese personal names
* 见"茎"
stem, stalk
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 同"疃"
(translated) Same as "疃"
* 同"厩"。 * 拼音jiù。 * 义未详
(translated) Same as "厩"; Meaning unknown
* 同"屔"
(translated) Same as "屔"
* 同"狚"
(translated) Same as "狚"
* 拼音gǒng。这样。 粤语
(translated) thus; Cantonese
* 拼音hóng。大声
loud
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 读音gǒng。 * 吴语。 方言读音丹阳 kɔŋ˧,温州 koŋ˦˧ 穿过，钻， 用头钻入。同"𥨐"。 * ：丹阳方言。 在（某一处所）
(translated) Pronounced gǒng; Wu dialect, dialect pronunciations Danyang kɔŋ˧, Wenzhou koŋ˦˧, meaning to go through, to drill, to drill into with the head; Same as "𥨐"; Danyang dialect, meaning to be at a certain place
* 同"棿"。[杌～] 亦作"杌棿"。 见《康熙字典》( 增订版)
(translated) Same as "棿"; also written as "杌棿", as in "[杌𣕕]"
* 分量小，与"重（ zhòng ）"相对。 ～重。～型。～便（ biàn ）。～于鸿毛。～尘栖弱草（喻人生渺小短暂）。 * 程度浅，数量少。 年～。工作～。 * 用力小。 ～放。～声。～闲。～描淡写。 * 负载少，装备简省。 ～装。～骑。～锐（轻装的精锐部队）。 * 认为容易，不以为重要。 ～视。～蔑。～生。 * 随便，不庄重。 ～率（ shuài ）。～佻。～浮
light; easy, simple; gentle
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"展"
to open, to stretch; to extend, to unfold; to dilate; to prolong
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
gōng:* 心乱；烦乱。 * 恐惧。 gòng:* 自高。 hǒng:* 心神恍惚
(translated) confused; agitated; fear; arrogant; absent-minded
* "摃" 的类推简化字
(translated) Simplified form of "摃" by analogy
* 同"赣"
(translated) same as 赣
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𧨱"
(translated) same as “𧨱”
* 读音giạng [～ 蹎]分开双腿。[～]伸出双手
(translated) to spread legs; to extend both hands
* 〔～娥〕中国汉代宫中女官名。 * 女子修长美好："赵燕锡媌～。"
(translated) in *Xing"e* (娙娥), title of a female official in the palace during the Han Dynasty of China; describing a woman as slender and beautiful, as in "Zhao Yan Xi Miao Xing"
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"崆"
(translated) same as the character "崆"
* 同"嶀"
(translated) same as "嶀"
* 拼音qiāng。山谷空虚状
(translated) empty valley; hollow valley
* 拼音kōng。稻秆
the stalk of grain; straw
* 男巫。 巫～
wizard
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 疑同"逕"。 * 拼音jìng。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Presumably variant of "逕"； jìng； Used for Chinese personal names
* 死
(translated) die
* 拼音xíng。淉水状
(translated) Resembling the Guoshui River
* 拼音yǐng。狩
a hunting-dog, to hunt in winter, imperial tour
* 见"痉"
convulsions, fits
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 同"祖"。 见《 五佛顶三昧陀罗尼经》
(translated) Same as 祖
* 〔～篌〕古代弦乐器，像瑟而比较小，弦数从五根至二十五根不等
ancient string music instrument
* 人沒有做壞事，硬說他做了壞事；把沒有的事說成有。 ～蔑。～賴。～陷
make false accusation; defame
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 同"灵"。 * 拼音líng。 * wū
Semantic variant of 靈: spirit, soul; spiritual world
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"悈"
(translated) Same as 悈
* 见"氢"
amonia; hydrogen nitride
* 同"㳦"
(translated) Same as "㳦"
* 同"颈"
(translated) Same as "颈"
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 谨慎。 * 忧伤
careful; compassionate; to take an interest in; prudent; cautious, worried and grieved
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"眱"
(translated) Same as "眱"
* 佛经音译用字
(translated) Character used for transliteration in Buddhist scriptures
* 均见"唝"
(translated) Same as "唝"
* 同"器"
receptacle, vessel; instrument
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 读音nít 孩子
(translated) Pronounced nít; child
* 同"豅"
(translated) same as 豅
* 拼音yì。中国人名用字
(translated) Used for Chinese given names
* 《宏智禅师广録》: 语向它道阿囉跛～曩诸禅徳道与古人语是同是别诸人若也未
(translated) Represents the phrase "阿囉跛～曩"
* 〔～～〕ａ．舞个不停；ｂ．参差不齐
unsteady
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"嵯"
(translated) same as 嵯
chóu:* 嗟歎聲。 * 同"𠼡"。誰，哪個人。 * 同"𪇘"。南方的野雞名。 shòu:* 同"壽"
Semantic variant of "𠼡": old age, long life; lifespan; same as "𪇘" "壽"
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𠵋"
(translated) Same as "𠵋"
* 疑同"埪"。 * 拼音kōng。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Suspected to be the same as "埪".; Used in Chinese personal names
* 疑同"慐"。 * 拼音gōng。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Variant of "慐"; Used for Chinese personal names
* 〔溃～〕ａ．（水流）宽广浩大。ｂ．水沸涌
(translated) a. broad and vast (describing water flow); b. water boiling and gushing
* 疑同"脛"。 * 拼音jìng。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "脛".; Used in Chinese personal names
* 同"㖏"。 * 拼音niè。 * 呵也
(translated) Same as "㖏"; To scold
* 同"𡖪"
(translated) same as "𡖪"
* 拼音qǐng。～穴
(translated) hole; cavity, used in combination with 穴 (xué)
* 同"𭼒"
(translated) Same as "𭼒"
* 读音nát 困惑
(translated) Pronounced nát, meaning confused
* 同"㖑"
(translated) Same as "㖑"
* 拼音chài。 * 佛经咒语用字。 * 拼音chā、chà、chāi、chài、cī、cuō。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Pronounced as chài; Used in Buddhist mantras; Pronounced as chā, chà, chāi, chài, cī, cuō; Used in Chinese personal names
* 告状，指出罪恶。 ～告。～诉。指～。被～。 * 节制，驾驭。 ～制。遥～。 * 开弓。 弓不再～。 * 投。 ～于地。 * 人的头部朝下或使让残液流出容器的口朝下。 ～净。～一～
accuse, charge; control
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 〔～水〕水名，在中国湖北省
river in Hubei province
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音kòng。穿垣
to get through the space enclosed by a constellation; to go out of
* 同"𠟽"
(translated) Same as "𠟽"
kēng:* 同"摼"。 qiān:* 古同"摼"
(translated) same as "摼"; ancient form of "摼"
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 读音hồng 义未详
(translated) Meaning unknown
* 牛胫骨。 * 古通"顅"，颈长
ox shank, person"s name
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音dì。[～艡] 战船
war vessel; man-of-war; warship
* 同"惰"
Semantic variant of 惰: indolent, careless, lazy, idle
* 同"澨"
(translated) same as "澨"
* 同"祷"
Semantic variant of 禱: pray; entreat, beg, plead; prayer
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"诬"
(translated) same as 诬 (wū); to accuse falsely; to slander
* 佛经音译用字
(translated) Used in transliterating Buddhist scriptures