* 读音キ
(translated) Pronounced "ki"
Structure 八 | HanziFinder
11588 
八 Related structures
* 同"𤼺"
(translated) Same as "𤼺"
* 《吽迦陀野仪轨》:～ 一圆二
(translated) one circle two
* 同"糞"
(translated) same as dung; same as excrement; same as feces
* 《宋高僧传》: 近称之忽有戴平～男子望法座致礼勤重倏尔无踪七日后有冠
(translated) flat headdress
guǎng:* 四周没有墻壁的大屋。 * 大。 * 盛大。南朝宋顔延之 * 远大；高尚。 * 遥远。 * 扩大。 * 开辟。 * 推广；传播。 * 开阔；推衍；补充。漢司馬遷 * 多；众多。 * 增多；增强。 * 广泛；普遍。 * 宽度。 * 宽广；辽阔。 * 宽弘；宽畅。 * 宽缓；缓慢。 * 宽慰。 * 汉时侯国名。 * 古州名。治今广东省广州市。 * 广东、广西的略称。宋岳飛 * 姓。 guàng:* 量宽度。 * 指从东到西的长，相当于"横"。 * 指直径。 * 数学名词。指"勾"。 * 兵车名。 * 指用十五乘兵车编组的队列。 kuàng:* 通"曠"。➊旷达；开朗。 * 通"壙"。野外。清朱駿聲 guāng:* 〔闋廣〕见"闋"。 * 通"光"。清朱駿聲
broad, wide, extensive
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音zhěn。 * 捣石。 * 同"抌"。，击， 搏
to pound rocks to pieces, (same as 抌) to strike; to strike with the fist
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"戭"。 * 拼音yìn。 * 捣
to beat; to pound; to ram down, to attack
* 同"耕"
(translated) same as "耕"
* 同"耕"
(translated) same as plow
* 拼音zhēn。中国人名用字
(translated) Pinyin zhēn; Used in Chinese personal names
* 同"瀆"
(translated) Same as 瀆
* 同"颠"。 * 《八辅》 第28区， 第80字
(translated) Same as 顛
tiàn:* 古人冠冕上垂在两侧的装饰物，用玉、石、贝等制成。 * 美玉："荣重馈兼金，巡华过盈～。" * 古通"填"，填充："金精玉英～其里。" zhèn:* 镇压坐席的玉器。 玉～
a gem used as ear plug; a jade earring
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
tiàn:* 古人冠冕上垂在两侧的装饰物，用玉、石、贝等制成。 * 美玉："荣重馈兼金，巡华过盈～。" * 古通"填"，填充："金精玉英～其里。" zhèn:* 镇压坐席的玉器。 玉～
a gem used as ear plug; a jade earring
tiàn:* 古人冠冕上垂在两侧的装饰物，用玉、石、贝等制成。 * 美玉："荣重馈兼金，巡华过盈～。" * 古通"填"，填充："金精玉英～其里。" zhèn:* 镇压坐席的玉器。 玉～
a gem used as ear plug; a jade earring
* 人名用字， 读音不明。《訥隱先生文集》 原文:仲男棹， 榣，棠， 栻，棠为生貟公子仁海后。 女卢海，申～。 仁润男柔
(translated) Used in personal names; Pronunciation unknown;
diān:* 灾害："胡宁～我以旱。" * 古同"癫"。 chēn:* 腹胀病
mad; ill
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 洁净。 * 深白
(translated) Clean; Pure white
* 古代一种粮食作物，指粟或黍属。 * 古代以稷为百谷之长，因此帝王奉祀为谷神。 社～（指国家）
god of cereals; minister of agriculture
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* （草木）丛生。 * 古通"缜"，细密："～理而坚。"
(translated) grow densely (of plants); anciently interchangeable with "缜", meaning fine and dense; for example, "~ texture and firm."
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 浅而长的竹篮
(translated) Shallow and long bamboo basket
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* "蒉" 的繁体
edible amaranth; straw basket
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音gǒng。 * 蠕动。 * gòng[～] 蝼蛄。闽语
to wriggle; to work through, as smoke through a crevice
* 同"貫"
(non-classical form of 貫) to pierce through
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 积货
(translated) to stockpile goods; to hoard goods
* 〔～踞〕同"箕踞"，古人席地而坐时伸开两脚，其形如箕。这是一种不拘礼节的坐式，如"文颓然～～，傍若无人。"
Acquired from 䟚: (same as 䟚) to sit with the legs spread out; to squat with the legs crossed, traces; footsteps, to follow up; to search out
* 同"脱"
(translated) Same as "脱"
* 拼音huáng。古国名， 也作"黄"
(translated) ancient country name; also known as "黄"
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 看，察看。 ～覽。～讀。翻～。傳（ chuán ）～。批～。訂～。檢～。～兵。 * 經歷。 ～歷。已～三月。 * 容，容許。 "我躬不～"。 * 本錢。 折～。 * 總聚，彙集。 "川～水以成川"
examine, inspect, review, read
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音chuà。 * [～頢]。 * 强可貌。 * 小头。 * 面短貌
better than, small head, short face
* 拼音wú。大头
(translated) big head
* 同"渎"
to be rude to, to annoy, to profane; to trouble, to harass
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"勬"
(translated) Same as 勬
* "吨"的繁体字。 * 重量單位，公制一噸等於1000公斤。 ～位。～公里（每噸貨物運輸一公里）。 * 計算船隻容積的單位，一噸等於2。83立方米（合100立方英尺）
ton (metric or English)
* 同"迹"。 见《 注进法相宗章疏》
(translated) Same as 迹
* 粤音jěung。 * 次数
(translated) Cantonese pronunciation: jěung; frequency, number of times
* 佛经音译字。 疑同"㘑"
(translated) Character used in Buddhist transliterations; Suspected to be the same as "㘑"
* 同"𡉕"
(translated) same as "𡉕"
* 读音hè 夏天。[薈～] 节日
(translated) summer; festival
zhèn:* 用刀剑等刺。 持匕～之。 * 击。 zhēn:* 砍木头的声音
roll up the sleeves; fight bare-fisted; strike, stab
* 同"瞶"
(translated) Same as "瞶"
* 边远之地："九州之外，乃有八～。"
(translated) Remote place; outlying area
* 《八辅》 第28区， 第84字
(translated) In 《Bafu》, Section 28, Character No. 84
* 古人名用字
(translated) Character used in ancient given names
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音tuí。 * 阴囊肿大。 * 妇女阴户病
disease of the private part of the human body
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"填"
(translated) Same as "填"
* 同"填"
(translated) Same as "填"
* 同"填"
(translated) same as "填"
* 拼音zhēn。 * 一种竹子， 可做箭。 * 器名
name of a variety of bamboo, utensils; implements
* 读音cầy 犁地
(translated) to plow land
* 拼音míng。听
to hear, to listen carefully
* 同"赌"
(translated) Same as "gamble"
* 同"罂"
(translated) Same as "罂"
* 拼音jiē。金文隶定字。 人名用字。字見《 殷周金文集成引得》732頁。 金文原形字出自《殷周金文集成》 第10098器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of seal script; Used in personal names
* 鼻梁："举疾首蹙～而相告。"
(nose) bridge
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音chǒng。充
(translated) Pronounced chǒng, same as 充
* 同"俯"
(translated) Same as "俯"
* 非古者緇布冠之～ 項靑組纓而加幅巾於其上則
(translated) To describe: nape of the neck with dark blue ribbon tassels and a headscarf added on top
* 同"𩑦"
(translated) Same as "𩑦"
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* ：读音はざま 义未详
(translated) Pronunciation is hazama; definition unknown
* [～～]也作"岳岳"。旧时看相的术语。 * 鼻高
(Cant.) to raise the head
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"頷"
(translated) Same as 頷
* "𩥄" 的类推简化字
(translated) analogically simplified of "𩥄"
* 同"骱"
(translated) Same as "骱"
* 含在口中而喷出。 ～水
spirt out of the mouth
* 拼音zhì。乡野之人的话
(translated) rural dialect
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𤦄"
(translated) Same as "𤦄"
* "𧷎" 的讹字
(translated) corrupted form of "𧷎"
* 拼音qī。多
(translated) many; much
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 金文隶定字。 人名用字。字见《 殷周金文集成引得》1259頁
(translated) Clerical script form in Jinwen (bronze inscriptions); used in personal names
* 同"媵"
(translated) Same as "媵"
* 同"厮"
servant
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 读音bòn 义未详
(translated) Meaning unknown
* 同"扛"。用肩担负
(translated) Same as "扛"; to carry on the shoulder
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 人名用字。 趙東～
(translated) Used in personal names
* 同"棋"
(same as 棋) the game of chess, draughts and other similar games
huáng:* 古同"煌"，火光。 huǎng:* 古同"晃"，明亮
(translated) huáng: ancient form of "煌", firelight; huǎng: ancient form of "晃", bright
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"箦"
(translated) same as "箦"
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音zé。 * 板。 * 同"𤖓"，即"箦" "闸"
(translated) Plank; same as "𤖓" "箦" "闸"
* 同"瞀"
(translated) Same as "瞀"
* 同"祀"
Semantic variant of 祀: to sacrifice, worship
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"颖"。 * 《字学三正· 第一册·异体同音误用字》："，禾穗。 又秀。非川字。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) same as "颖"; grain ear; sprout; used in Chinese names
* 读音giần。 * 细孔竹筛。 * （用细孔竹筛） 筛
(translated) fine-mesh bamboo sieve; to sieve
* 金文隶定字， 同"睦"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》585 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第5986器銘文中
(translated) Standardized form in clerical script of bronze inscription, same as "睦"; Original form in bronze inscription
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Character used in Chinese personal names
* 〔襞（ bì ）～〕衣裙上的褶子
a pleat, fold, tuck, crease
* 同"觥"
(translated) Same as 觥; ancient wine vessel
* 同"赞"
help, support, assist, aid
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音ruǎn。 * 小有财物。 * ruǎn略有钱财。 江淮官话
fairly prosperous, well-to-do; not very rich
* 拼音zé。 * 正。 * 齐。 * 好。 * 同"赜"
(translated) correct; uniform; good; same as "赜"
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Chinese given name character
* 拼音róng
(translated) Pronounced as róng
* 拼音jiào。(皮) 口袋。疑同"𩎦"
(translated) pocket; suspected to be the same as "𩎦"
* 拼音yào。颈项不能随意扭动
(translated) neck cannot be twisted freely
* 〈方〉头骨。冀鲁官话
(translated) dialectal: skull
* 同"㾛"
(translated) same as 㾛
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese given names
* 古同"定"，额头
(translated) Ancient form of "定"; forehead
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->