难
Definition
nán:* 不容易，做起来费事。 ～处。～度。～点。～关。～熬。～耐。～产。～堪。～题。～以。～于。困～。畏～。急人之～。 * 不大可能办到，使人感到困难。 ～免。～为。～保。～怪。～倒（ dǎo ）。～道。～能可贵。 * 不好。 ～听。～看。 nàn:* 灾祸，困苦。 ～民。灾～。遇～。逃～。殉～。患～。遭～。避～。排扰解～。 * 仇怨。 排～解纷。 * 诘责，质问。 发～。非～。责～。 nuó:* 古同"傩"
difficult, arduous, hard; unable
Structure
Related substructures
Precursors
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->