* 拼音lèng 计算田亩的量词
(translated) measure word for land area (in mu)
Structure 亽 | HanziFinder
518 
亽 * 同"肣"。 * 拼音gǔ。 * 视
(translated) same as 肣; see; look; vision
* 读音ngòm [ 眜～]漆黑的眼睛
(translated) pitch-black eyes
* 读音ngoóm 年老。[～] 衰老
(translated) old age; aged; elderly; senile; decrepit
* 同"贪"
(translated) same as "贪"
* 〔～䟓〕ａ．行走的样子；ｂ．脚细长；ｃ．独行。 * 徐行不正的样子
(translated) manner of walking; having slender and long legs; walking alone; manner of walking slowly and unsteadily
* 同"𦉢"
containers for water or wine used in ancient times
* 〈韩〉晚，幼。例：乻甫。 〈韩〉奴婢名用字。例：乻仁。 〈韩〉地名用字。例：乻阿隅。（今江原道華川）
(translated) Korean: young; late; Korean: used for servant names; Korean: used for place names
* 同"邬"
(translated) Same as "邬"
* 拼音hán。 * 一种腹大口小有耳的瓦器。 * [～㼺] 有耳的小瓶
a water-jar with ears for carrying it
* 下巴颏："相逢应不识，满～白髭须"。 * 点头。 ～首。～之而已
chin, jowl; give nod
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 读音언 人名用字。李～
(translated) Pronounced as eon; used in personal names, e.g., Li~
* 拼音niàn。[～～]姑妈（ 儿语）。西南官话。[～～ 儿]姨母（ 儿语）。西南官话
(translated) Aunt (childish term, Southwestern Mandarin); maternal aunt (childish term, Southwestern Mandarin)
* 堵塞，封闭
fill up
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音xiāng。火坑
(translated) fire pit
* 读音rành 清楚，明瞭。[～～] 昭然，昭彰
(translated) clear; obvious
* 鸟翅和尾上的长而硬的羽毛。 雁～。野鸡～。孔雀～。～毛。～扇。～子
feather; plume; wing
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 疑同"翎"。 * 拼音líng。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) suspected to be the same as "翎" (líng, feather); used in Chinese personal names
è:* 壅塞。 ～塞。～积。～绝（遏止，禁绝）。 yān:* 〔～氏〕汉代匈奴称君主的正妻
block, obstruct, stop up
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 庄稼成熟。 丰～。～年（丰收之年）。"岁比登～"。 * 年，古代谷一熟为年。 凡五～。 * 熟悉，习知。 ～知。～熟。素～。相～。 * 事物酝酿成熟："恶积衅～"
ripe grain; harvest; to know, be familiar with
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 液体降落。 感激涕～。 * 植物凋谢。 ～落。凋～。～散（ sàn ）。 * 整数以外的尾数。 ～数儿。 * 部分的，细碎的，与"整"相对。 ～碎。～卖。～钱。～售。～乱。～工。～打碎敲。 * 整数系统中一个重要的数，小于一切自然数，是介于正数和负数之间唯一的数，记作"０"。有时用来表示某种量的基准，如摄氏温度计上的冰点，记作"０℃"
zero; fragment, fraction
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音niàn。拉船的竹纤
(translated) Bamboo fiber for towing boats
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* đềm[～] 安澜；幽静； 静静地（流淌）
(translated) peaceful and tranquil; serene and tranquil; quietly flowing
* 音
(translated) sound; tone
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𭨛"
(translated) Same as "𭨛"
* 〔白～子〕一种比蚊子小的小飞虫，喜吸人畜血液，能传染黑热病。 * 〔螟～〕见"螟"
dragonfly, libellulidae
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音hān。同"馠"
(translated) Same as "馠"
tǎn:* 〔～佄（ gàn ）〕仪表不整，不干净。 tàn:* 〔～俕（ sàn ）〕ａ．老无宜适；ｂ．痴呆
(translated) untidy and unclean appearance; feeling ill-at-ease in old age; dementia
* 拼音hàn。中国人名用字
(translated) Character for Chinese given names
* 读音eong。 音译字
(translated) Pronounced as eong; transliterated character
* 拼音zǎo。疑同"枣"
(translated) Suspected to be same as "枣"
* 同"䘶"
(translated) Same as "䘶"
* 拼音líng。[猪～] 又作"猪苓"， 真菌的一种，寄生于阔叶树根部， 外部象猪粪，可入药
(translated) Pinyin líng. Also written as "猪苓", also known as *zhū líng*; a type of fungus that parasitizes the roots of broadleaf trees, with an external appearance resembling pig feces, and can be used medicinally
* 同"吟"
(same as 吟) to chant; to intone; to sing; to recite; to moan; to sigh
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"淤"
(translated) same as silt
* 古同"旌"
(translated) Same as "旌"
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 古代祭祀时放兽、馔或酒樽的长方形木盘，没有足："设～于东堂下。"
branch, fork; tray
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 有窗户的小船："乘～船余上沅兮。" * 小船
small boat with windows; houseboat
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 中国人名用字。 * 《八辅》 第41区， 第73字
(translated) Used for Chinese personal names; Located in 《Bafu》, Section 41, Character No. 73
* 拼音tān。[～溪] 水名，在今四川省东部
a river, in today"s northeast of Sichuan Province, between Bazhong and Tongjiang
* 同"遊"
(translated) Same as "遊"
* "䫈" 的类推简化字。 * 拼音cén。 * 丑； 难看。冀鲁官话、 胶辽官话。露～（ 暴露出短处或露丑）|这个孩子长得不～。 * 因某一方面优于别人而骄傲自负， 看不起人。胶辽官话。 考上大学有么儿了不起的，少～。[～ 虫]蛇。 冀鲁官话。[～了～] 害臊。西南官话。 你这么大还抢娃娃的东西吃
(translated) Simplified form by analogy of "䫈"; Ugly; unsightly; Conceited; arrogant; look down on others; Snake (used in [～ 虫]); Feel ashamed; shy (used in [～了～])
* 岁数。 年～。高～。松～鹤寿。 * 年数。 工～。党～。军～。教～
age; years
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"敜"
(translated) same as "敜"
* 见"铃"
bell
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音jīn。人名用字， 祁阳长孙朱企～ 朱干蛙的庶一子。 万历二十年封长孙。四十二年卒
(translated) used in given names
无释义
No definition given
* 同"钵"。 见《 妙法莲华经玄賛》
(translated) Same as "钵"; alms bowl
niǎn:* 用手指搓转（ zhuàn ） ～麻绳。 * 搓成的条状物。 灯～儿。 niē:* 古同"捏"，用拇指和其他手指夹住
to twist or nip with the fingers
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 疑同"牎"。 * 拼音chuāng。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "牎"; Used in Chinese personal names
* 同"𪪆"
(translated) Same as "𪪆"
* 同"癊"
(translated) same as "癊"
* 见"谂"
consult carefully with, counsel
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𦁤"
(translated) Same as "𦁤"
* 疑同"枣"。 * 拼音zǎo。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Suspected to be the same as "枣"; Used as a Chinese given name character
* 众人吃东西的声音
gobble
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𨩖"
(translated) Same as "𨩖"
* 同"肣"。 * 拼音hán。 * 中国人名用字。 拼音hàn,hán,qín
(translated) Same as "肣"; Pinyin: hán; Used in Chinese given names; pinyin: hàn, hán, qín
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
* 同"唅"。 见《 观中院撰定事业灌顶具足支分》
(translated) same as 唅
* 拼音kān。(面目) 丑
(translated) ugly
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 同"饮"
Semantic variant of 飮: drink; swallow; kind of drink
* 〔～羊〕哺乳动物，种类很多，角可入药，如"～～挂角"（传说羧羊夜晚睡觉时，以角挂于树上，脚不着地，猎人难以找寻它的踪迹。喻诗文奥妙超脱，不露雕琢痕迹）
species of antelope
* 中国人名用字。 疑同"阴"
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names; Suspected to be the same as "阴"
* 拼音hán。中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 读音xờm 乱蓬蓬
(translated) disheveled
* 古代弦乐器，最初是五根弦，后加至七根弦（亦称"七弦琴"；通称"古琴"） ～瑟。～曲。～师。～意。抚～。～棋书画。 * 某些乐器的统称。 钢～。月～。胡～。口～。竖～。小提～。～书（曲艺的一种）。弹～
Chinese lute or guitar
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𡄎"
(translated) Same as "𡄎"
yān:* 煙草。 yū:* 枯萎。 yù:* 臭草
to fade; withered or dried leaves; tobacco (used for U+70DF 烟 and U+7159 煙)
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 拼音yīn
(translated) Pronunciation: yīn
* 同"矜"。矛柄
(same as 矜) the handle of a spear
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 熟，煮熟："腥、肆、爓、～祭，岂知神之所飨也。" * 味美。 * 饱
soft
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Character used in Chinese personal names
* 拼音hán。小鸟飞的样子
young birds flying
* "𪁏" 的类推简化字
(translated) Simplified form of "𪁏"
* 韩国古籍用字
(translated) Used in ancient Korean books
* 拼音qiān。曲头凿
(translated) curved chisel
* 苦。 * 古同"矜"
salty and bitter; pitiful
* 同"矜"
(non-classical form of 矜) to pity; to feel for, to have compassion on, sympathetic
* "錜" 的类推简化字
(translated) analogically simplified form of "錜"
* 拼音líng。 * [～凙] 同"冷(líng) 凙"，冰。 * 《八辅》 第18区， 第8字
(translated) same as "冷凙", ice
* 拼音niàn。纤(qn) 绳，拉船用的绳索
(translated) tow rope; rope for towing boats
* 同"零"
(translated) same as zero
* 听。 ～听。～取。～教（ jiào ）
listen, hear
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"穆"
Semantic variant of 穆: majestic, solemn, reverent; calm
* 古同"蜭"
(translated) same as "蜭";
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese given names
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 同"癊"。 * 拼音yìn。 * 心病
(translated) Same as "癊"; heart sickness; mental illness
* 拼音cén。 * 足履峻。 * 牛马蹄迹中的积水
(translated) Pinyin cén; Footprints on steep ground; Puddles in hoofprints of cattle and horses
* 《中论疏记》: 者即食角也小而～好食棘也有人云此狩四足此中有二一者通
(translated) horn-eating; small and 𮥞; likes to eat thorns; hunting four-legged creature; general
* 同"菸"。 * 拼音yǔ。 * 枯
(translated) Same as "菸"; withered
* 拼音yù。玉名
(translated) type of jade
* 血液凝滞。 ～血。活血化～
a hematoma, contusion; extravasted blood
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𤞻"
(translated) same as "𤞻"
* 同"唅"
(translated) Same as "唅"
* 〔箖～〕见"箖1"
(translated) refer to "箖1"
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 读音nếm 尝一尝(食物)
(translated) Taste (food)
* 同"荫"
shade; protect, shade, cover
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->