* "𡑍" 的简体字。 * 圪～（ 方）角落。 也用做地名：炕圪～； 王家圪～、于家圪～（ 在陕西省吴堡县）
(translated) simplified form of "𡑍"; corner (dialectal)
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1254 
Related structures
* "𤎤" 的类推简化字。láo[～]江淮官话。 * 闷热。 * 心烦。[～]。 * 不纯净， 含有杂物。江淮官话、 吴语。 * 凌乱， 不整齐。粤语。 * 不精美， 粗糙。胶辽官话。 * 马虎， 草率。粤语。 * 贪吃。 吴语
(translated) simplified form of "𤎤"; stuffy (Jianghuai Mandarin); annoyed; impure; containing impurities (Jianghuai and Wu dialects); messy; disorderly; untidy (Cantonese); coarse; rough; not refined (Jiaoliao Mandarin); careless; sloppy; hasty (Cantonese); gluttonous; greedy (for food) (Wu dialect)
* 读音ben 皮疹，皮肤病
(translated) skin rash; skin disease
* 米中的小黑甲虫
(translated) small black beetle found in rice
* 拼音zhuī。小。 一说小鸟
(translated) small; small bird (one interpretation)
* 袜筒："天宝年来窄～留。"
(translated) sock tube
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音yǒu。[～(niǔ)] 软
(translated) soft
* 功力坚实
(translated) solid and strong in skill
* 水声；泉水声
(translated) sound of water; sound of spring water
* 拼音lào。(山谷) 空大的样子
(translated) spacious and empty; hollow and vast
* 拼音jià。[～䐒], 不密
(translated) sparse
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 读音phào。 窃窃私语
(translated) speak in whispers
* 俊健；豪傑
(translated) spirited and vigorous; hero, outstanding talent
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 赞助，勉励
(translated) sponsor; encourage
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 花蕊
(translated) stamens and pistils
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
láo:* 石器。 * 滑石。 luò:* 〔～确〕石撞击声。 * 和声
(translated) stone implement; talc; stone striking sound; harmony
* 读音rengz。 * 力， 力气，力量。 * 忌妒
(translated) strength; force; power; jealousy
* 强力
(translated) strength; power
* 读音rướn， 伸展，欠身
(translated) stretch; lean forward
* 强健
(translated) strong and healthy
* 《廣韻》客庚切，平庚，溪。 * 强劲，有力量
(translated) strong; powerful
* 拼音jiǎo。[拗～] 执拗倔强者的目光
(translated) stubbornly [stubbornly ~] the gaze of a stubborn and unyielding person
* 拼音xié。屏息、 抑制(呼吸）
(translated) suppress breathing; restrain breathing
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 疑同。 * 拼音quàn。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) suspected same as; pinyin quán; used in Chinese names
* 《龍龕手鑑· 卷四·力部第二十三》："，尼六反。" 疑同"衄"
(translated) suspected to be same as "衄" (nasal bleeding; defeat)
* 疑同
(translated) suspected to be the same as
* 拼音jiā。[～譟(zào)] 粗话，脏话
(translated) swear words; profanity
* 拼音lì。荆棘
(translated) thorns; brambles
* 威胁。 * 胆怯
(translated) threaten; timid
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音liá。疲倦； 浑身无力。"力乏" 二字的合音。湘语
(translated) tired; weary; feeling weak all over; portmanteau of "力" and "乏"; Xiang Chinese
* 拼音jiā。诬
(translated) to accuse falsely
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音qián。负物
(translated) to carry something on the back
* 劝勉，鼓励。 * 强
(translated) to exhort and encourage; strong
* 読音hatameku。 飘扬
(translated) to flutter; to wave
qiǎn:* 强迫。 * 强悍。清邵瑛 jiǎng:* 〔㔝勥〕见"㔝"。 jiàn:* 同"犟"。倔强，固执
(translated) to force; to compel; forceful; valiant; refer to "㔝"; same as "犟"; stubborn; obstinate
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音yǒng。 * 《粉妆楼》 第五十一回:"周元抢到门，～ 身一撞，"拍通" 一声，连人跌进去了。"(460 页)。 * 按:"～ 身"同" 踊身"、"涌身"， 纵身
(translated) to jump up; to leap
* 发射。 * 古同"撤"。 * 古同"徹"。 * 古通"轍（ zhé ）"
(translated) to launch; to emit; to shoot; ancient form of "撤"; ancient form of "徹"; anciently equivalent to "轍"
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音biān。 * 用力拉。 吴语。快点～ 出来。 * 食物在油锅里炒拌使熟。 * 同"煸"
(translated) to pull forcefully; to tug; to drag (Wu dialect); to stir-fry and mix food in a wok to cook it; same as 煸
* 读音laun 捞（钱）
(translated) to rake in money
* 读音bịt 掩耳，充耳不闻
(translated) turn a deaf ear to; ignore
* 《龍龕手鑑· 米部》於交反。 米未熟。 * 《五侯鲭字海· 米部》："， 米未熟。"
(translated) unripe rice; unripe rice
* 拼音huǒ。中国人名用字
(translated) used in personal names
* 拼音lí。恍 疑同"𢤂"
(translated) vague; indistinct; possibly variant of "𢤂"
* 同"楘"
(translated) variant of "楘"
* 同"鶒"
(translated) variant of 鶒
* 拼音mò。动
(translated) verb
* 读音nhằn，[(nhọc)～]很累， 非常疲倦
(translated) very tired; extremely exhausted
* 拼音jià。具舟
(translated) vessel; boat
* 读音gắng 卖力，极力， 尽力
(translated) work hard; exert oneself; try one"s best
* 功人（工人）
(translated) worker
* 拼音yǔ。愁貌
(translated) worried appearance
* 拼音yǒu。忧愁的样子
(translated) worried look; appearance of melancholy
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
wěng:* 《廣韻》烏孔切，上董，影。 * 〔～劜（ yà ）〕倔强。 yǎng:* 多力
(translated) wěng: stubborn; yǎng: powerful
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 读音mbauq。 * 男青年。 * 男情人
(translated) young man; male lover
āo:* 〔～轧〕奇貌。 * 车相戞声。 ào:* 有机车
(translated) āo: describing a strange appearance (in lúnzhá); sound of vehicles clashing; ào: locomotive
* 《八辅》 第30区， 第3字
(translated) 《Ba Fu》, Section 30, 3rd character
* 《八辅》 第41区， 第80字
(translated) 《Eight Categories》 Section 41, character number 80
* 金
Acquired from 䤢: (same as 䤢) metal, gold
* 木的纹理。 * 棱角。 * 古地名，约在今中国山东省商河县东北。 * 姓
Alternate form of 扐: divine
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
xūn:* 古同"熏"。 xùn:* 古同"熏"
Alternate form of 𤑕: smoke, fog, vapor; smoke, cure
* 〔～裟〕僧尼披在外面的一种法衣
Buddhist cassock
* 见"鳓"
Chinese herring; shad
* 〔～鱼〕身体侧扁，腹部有硬刺，生活在海中，为重要食用鱼类。亦称"鲙鱼"、"白鳞鱼"、"曹白鱼"。 * （鰳）
Chinese herring; shad
* 〔～山〕山名，在中国山东省。亦作"劳山"、"牢山"
Laoshan, mountain in Shandong
* 〔～山〕山名，在中國山東省。亦作"勞山"、"牢山"
Laoshan, mountain in Shandong
无释义
No definition given
* 同"𧐙" "蟊"。 * 拼音wù。 * mào
Semantic variant of "蟊": a fly which is used similarly to cantharides; same as "𧐙"
* 同"伊"
Semantic variant of 伊: third person pronoun; he, she, this, that
* 同"兵"
Semantic variant of 兵: soldier, troops
* "敕"的异体字
Semantic variant of 勑: reward; sincere
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 同"胜"
Semantic variant of 勝: victory; excel, be better than
* 同"勞"
Semantic variant of 勞: labor, toil, do manual work
* 同"家"
Semantic variant of 家: house, home, residence; family
* 同"寒"
Semantic variant of 寒: cold, wintry, chilly
* 同"弼"
Semantic variant of 弼: aid, assist, help; correct
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音qiā。拔着
Semantic variant of 拮: laboring hard, occupied; pursue
* 同"拳"
Semantic variant of 拳: fist; various forms of boxing
* 古同"整"
Semantic variant of 整: orderly, neat, tidy; whole
* 同"殄"
Semantic variant of 殄: to end; to exterminate
* 同"杀"
Semantic variant of 殺: kill, slaughter, murder; hurt; to pare off, reduce, clip
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"狡"
Semantic variant of 狡: cunning, deceitful, treacherous
* 古同"男"
Semantic variant of 男: male, man; son; baron; surname
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"终"
Semantic variant of 終: end; finally, in the end
* 同"肃"
Semantic variant of 肅: pay respects; reverently
* 同"辩"
Semantic variant of 辯: dispute, argue, debate, discuss
* 同"逸"
Semantic variant of 逸: flee, escape, break loose
* 同"遫"
Semantic variant of 遫: speed
* 同"驾"
Semantic variant of 駕: to drive, sail, fly; a cart, carriage
lè:* 竹根。 * 古书上说的一种竹。 * 方言，竹上的刺。 jīn:* 古同"筋"
Semantic variant of 𥵚: thorns, brambles
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音mù。好貌
a beautiful face (of a woman); pretty
* 拼音lǔ。 * 庑。 * 庵舍。 * 府
a corridor; a hallway; rooms around the hall (the middle room of a Chinese house), a nunnery; a convent, a cottage; a hut, a mansion
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音xié。 * 堤。 。 * 堤水
a dike; a barrier; an embankment
* 〔鸂～〕见"鸂"
a duck-like bird
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* "鶒" 的类推简化字
a duck-like bird
* 拼音yǒu。 * 鳅类鱼。 * 一种口大体扁的鱼， 即杜父鱼
a fish; common carp
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
lì:* 急風；急風貌。 liè:* 風。 xié:* 風調
a gale; a gust of swift wind, timely wind
* 坑
a hole, pit
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 山间的平地。 山～。～口（山或丘陵间的较低处，多为穿过山岭的通道）
a hollow in the ground, a cavity, depression; undulating, depressed
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音liè。 * 恶木。 * 《八辅》 第32区， 第83字
a kind inferior wood
* 用荆条等编成的一种农具，长方形，用来平整土地。亦称"耱"、"盖"、"盖擦"。 * 用耢平整土地
a kind of farm tool
* 农具名。又名"耱"或"盖"。长方形，用荆条或藤条编成，用来平整地面和松田保墒。 * 用耢平整土地。如：耢地。清倪倬
a kind of farm tool
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->