* 同"眓"
(translated) Same as "眓"
Structure 戈 | HanziFinder
1940 
戈 * 金文隶定字
(translated) Clerical script form; bronze inscription
* 同"干"。盾
(translated) Same as "干"; shield
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"睵"。《康熙字典》:"，《玉篇》 同睵。"
(translated) Same as "睵"
* 见"啯"
gurgling sound, chattering
* 梵语音译用字
(translated) character for Sanskrit transliteration
* 〔有～〕古氏族名，也是古国名，如"殷契，母曰简狄，～～氏之女。"
name of a concubine of Di Ku, father of the mythical Yao
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 同"戜"
repeatedly; frequently; to alternate, common; ordinary; normal, sharp, name of a state in ancient China, bold; brave; fierce; violent; severe; strict; stringent
* 金文隶定字， 同"造"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》474 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第11023器銘文中
(translated) Lishu script form of bronze inscription, same as "造"； Original form of bronze inscription
* 同"裓"
(translated) same as "裓"
* 地名用字。 * ? 屋～， 村名，在广东省。 * 《八辅》 第16区， 第61字
(translated) Place name character; Village name, e.g., "? 屋𪜗" (Guangdong Province)
* 同"宬"
(translated) same as "宬"
* 同"国"
(translated) Same as "国"
* 同"国"
Semantic variant of 國: nation, country, nation-state
* 金文隶定字， 同"戟"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》864 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第10507器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of Jinwen, same as "戟"; Original form in bronze inscriptions
* 同"栽"
(translated) Same as "栽"
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"棨"。中国人名用字。,zhé
(translated) same as "棨"; used in Chinese personal names
* 《薄草子口决》: 之明曰邬二合～
(translated) Meaning is described as "Wu two combined"
* 拼音xù。残裂
(translated) Fragmented; split
* 哺乳动物，猿猴类，体矮小，形似松鼠，黄色丝状软毛，尾长，栖树上。亦称"金线狨"。 * 古代称狨尾做成的鞍鞯
(translated) Mammal, primate, small in size, resembling a squirrel, with yellow silky soft fur, and a long tail; arboreal; also known as "golden-thread marmoset"; In ancient times, it referred to saddle pads made from marmoset tails
* 拼音huò。[～狲] 猴子。吴语
(translated) monkey
* 古人名用字
(translated) Used in ancient personal names
* 同"国"。 * 拼音guó。 * 人名
(translated) Same as "国"; Personal name
* 拼音xù。头痛
(Cant.) severe pain
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音rù。厚
thick; height, black millet
* 黍稷茂盛的样子
(translated) the state of flourishing millet
* 同"豺"
(translated) Same as jackal
* 同"䞖"
(translated) same as 䞖
* 浅；薄："小戎～收（车轸）。" * 不着铠甲，只穿单衣
thin
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𢕂"
(translated) Same as "𢕂"
* 同"滭"。 * 拼音bì。 * yù
(same as 滭) bubbling of fountain; copious of spring (same as 淢) swift currents (interchangeable 洫) a ditch; a moat, to overflow
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音róng。可做箭杆的小竹
(translated) Small bamboo suitable for arrow shafts
* 同"篗"
(same as 籆) tools to unreel silk
* 拼音yù。草木丛生
(translated) luxuriant vegetation
* 均见"刬"
to level off; to trim; to pare down
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 金文隶定字。 人名用字。字見《 殷周金文集成引得》867頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第4327器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze inscription; Used in personal names; Original form of bronze inscription
* 同"烗"
(translated) Same as "烗"
* 同"烗"
(translated) same as 烗; burn; dry in the sun
* 拼音xiàn。中国人名用字， 疑同"𥻇"
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names; suspected to be the same as "𥻇"
* 拼音jì。谋。 疑同"䛋"
(translated) plan; suspected to be same as "䛋"
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
zhí:* 同"戠"。 xiè:* 同"謝"
(translated) same as "戠"; same as "謝"
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
* 古同"锅"。 * 戈。 * 化学元素"钶"的旧译
(translated) Archaic form of "锅", wok; pot; Dagger-axe; Obsolete translation for the chemical element Niobium
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音cán。忮
to be perverse; to act contrary to, jealous; to envy; jealousy, obstinate; stubborn, fierce; truculent
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音shī
(translated) pronounced shī
* 见"浅1"
shallow, not deep; superficial
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 古同"渽"
(translated) Ancient form of "渽"
* 同"㖪"
(translated) same as "㖪"
* guǐ ㄍㄨㄟˇ 同"鬼"
(translated) Same as "鬼"
* 长矛。 * 敲，敲打。 * 常礼；常法。 * 刮。 * 象声词。 ～然长鸣
lance; tap or strike lightly
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 长矛。 * 敲，敲打。 * 常礼；常法。 * 刮。 * 象声词。 ～然长鸣
lance; tap or strike lightly
* 同"臧"
(translated) Same as "臧"
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
* 同"睵"
(translated) Same as "睵"
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 读音dích 蓝色
(translated) pronounced dích; blue
* 同"盞"。 * 拼音zhǎn。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Same as 盞; Used in Chinese personal names
* 同"戚"
(translated) Same as "戚"
* 同"棨"
(translated) same as 棨; ancient official flag; banner
* 同"溅"。 * 拼音jiān。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "溅"; Used in Chinese personal names
* 读音fai 水坝
(translated) Pronunciation fai; dam
* 拼音qiáng。山高峻
(translated) high and steep mountain
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 读音dát 胆小，害羞
(translated) Timid; shy
* 同"𢧴"
(translated) Same as "𢧴"
* 金文隶定字， 同"裁"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》758 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第4311器銘文中。 * 金文隶定字。同" 罒下弋"。字見《 殷周金文集成引得》893頁
(translated) Standardized form in bronze script, same as "裁"; Original form in bronze script; Standardized form in bronze script, same as "罒下弋"
* 拼音tǐ。[有～ 氏]神化传说中的国名
(translated) in [有𢧑氏], it refers to a country name in mythological legends
* 拼音rǒng。 * 推车。 * 助。 * 拒
(Cant.) to push from behind
huò:* 裂。 xù:* 裂声
(translated) crack; sound of cracking
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 器物，家伙。 器～。机～。 * 武器。 ～斗。军～。缴～投降。 * 木枷和镣铐之类的刑具。 ～系
weapons; implements, instruments
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
* 同"栽"
(translated) Same as "栽"
* 拼音gē。船名
(translated) boat name
* 拼音róng。～衣
armour, military dress
* 同"𧸐"。中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "𧸐"; Used in Chinese given names
* 同"𧸐"。中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "𧸐"; used in Chinese personal names
* 同"䟈"
(translated) same as "䟈"
* 读音gvaix 舀起
(translated) to scoop up
* 同"䴰"。 * 拼音shú。 * 姓
(translated) Same as "䴰"; Surname
* 金文隶定字。 人名用字。 字見《 殷周金文集成引得》734頁。 金文原形字出自《殷周金文集成》 第5119器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze inscription character; Used in personal names
* 同"国"
(translated) Same as "国"
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"悈"。 * 拼音yì。 * 褊
(translated) Same as "悈"; narrow; petty; biased
* 同"践"
(same as 踐) to tread upon; to trample, to carry out; to perform
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音miè。中国人名用字
(translated) Pinyin: miè; used for Chinese personal names
* 读音quắc，[ 眜～]目光炯炯。～ 爍：矍鑠
(translated) sparkling eyes (in 眜～); hale and vigorous (same as 矍鑠)
* 同"職"。明周嬰
(translated) Same as "職"
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 疑读为亟、 㥛。古从亟从戒之字或通假。 * 《方言》：" 亟，愛也。"《 廣雅》：" 㥛， 愛也。"愛與羨義相會。 * 原文：(56) 長安少年無怨（遠） 途（圖）， 一生唯執金悟（吾）（611/11）。 * 徐校：，甲卷作賊， 皆不可通，俟校。 今傳各本作羨
(translated) Suspected readings are jí, jǘ (corresponding to characters 亟, 㥛); In ancient texts, possibly formed from components 亟 and 戒, or used interchangeably with other characters; According to *Fangyan* and *Guangya*, it shares the meaning "love/affection" with 亟 and 㥛; The meaning "love/affection" is related to "羨" (envy, admire, desire)
* 拼音huò。睡目貌
(translated) sleepy look
* 拼音xù。视～
(translated) related to "视" (shì)
* 捕小鱼的密眼网："九～之鱼鳟鲂。"
drag-net made of fine mesh
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 金文隶定字， 同"戎"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》859 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第5601器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze script, same as "戎"; Original form in bronze script
* 同"晓"
(translated) Same as "晓"
* 拼音zāi。中国人名用字
(translated) Pronounced as zāi; Used in Chinese personal names
* 二分重～～～～ 若見此書後精書十張以傳于人則能免一家之災矣
(translated) consisting of two parts
* 疑同"聝"。《四庫全書, 史部, 政書類, 通制之屬, 七國攷, 卷十二》："古無～ 刑疑即腐刑也又按斷耳曰聝耳月相近或傳冩之誤世俗寄猳者事露即割其耳豈亦魏法之遺乎"
(translated) Suspected to be same as "聝", referring to cutting off the left ear; Suspected to be related to castration (腐刑), a form of corporal punishment; Possibly a corrupted form of "聝"
* 同"𭨵"
(translated) Same as "𭨵"
* 拼音fá。水名用字。 见《穆天子传》
(translated) Used in river names
* 金文隶定字。 人名用字。 字見《 殷周金文集成引得》1423頁。 金文原形字出自《殷周金文集成》 第3750器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form of bronze inscription character; Used in personal names
* 金文隶定字， 同"毀"。 字見《殷周金文集成引得》865 頁。 * 金文原形字 出自《殷周金文集成》 第11182器銘文中
(translated) Clerical script form, same as "毀"; Original bronze inscription form
* 同"伐"。 * 拼音fá
(translated) Same as "伐"
* 拼音guó。中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 同"㠹"
(translated) Same as "㠹"
* "㢦"的讹字
(translated) corrupted form of "㢦"
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 器物容納東西的空廓部分。 * 筐。 * 古代婦女罩住頭髮的一種首飾
Acquired from 䈐: an arched frame made of bamboo of wood board, a covering, mats woven from bamboo and other leaves top on vehicles, (same as 簂 䈐) a bamboo chest; a wicker chest, a woman"s headdress
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 古代乐章 * 堂下阶前砖砌的路。 * 古西域部落名
(translated) ancient musical composition; brick-paved path before a hall; Western Regions tribe name
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 用剪子剪布或用刀子割纸。 ～剪。～缝。～衣。对～。 * 减除，去掉一部分。 ～减。～军。～员。 * 决定，判断。 ～判。～夺（考虑决定）。～决。～度（ duó ）。～断。 * 安排取舍。 体～。别～。独出心～。 * 节制，抑止。 制～。独～。 * 杀。 自～
cut out; decrease
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->