修
Definition
* 装饰，使完美。 ～饰。～辞。装～。 * 整治，恢复完美。 ～复。～治。～缮（修理）。～浚（修理疏通）。～好。～明（古代指政治清明）。 * 剪或削。 ～剪。 * 兴建，建造。 ～建。～筑。 * 编纂，撰写。 ～书。～史。～纂。 * （学问，品行方面）钻研、学习、锻炼。 ～学。～业。～养。 * 长（ cháng ），高。 ～长。 * 信奉宗教的人虔诚地学习教义，并付诸行动。 ～行。～女。 * 姓
study; repair; cultivate
Structure
Related substructures
Precursors
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
Liushutong Seal Forms
Pre-Qin to Han seal-type forms (≤220 CE) / compiled 1661 (Min Qiji); collated and printed 1720 (Bi Hongshu)
A ten-volume compendium of seal-script variants arranged by the rhymes of Hongwu Zhengyun: each head character gives its Shuowen small seal form, then variants gathered from guwen, zhouwen, bronze inscriptions and Qin–Han seals. Long a standard reference for seal carvers, but the forms are compiled rather than excavated and were collected with little vetting, so many are of doubtful authenticity.Wikimedia Commons ->