難
Definition
nán:* 鳥名。也作"𪅀"。 * 困難；不易。 * 使困難；使感到困難。 * 厭惡；忌恨。 * 不能；不好。如：難聽；難吃；難看。 * 通"戁"。➊恭敬。 * 方言。如今，現在。 * 姓。 nàn:* 災難；禍患。 * 畏懼；擔心。 * 抵擋；拒斥。 * 兵難，指反抗或叛亂。 * 怨仇；仇敵。 * 責難；詰問。 * 辯說；爭論。 nuó:* 茂盛貌。 * 驅逐鬼疫。後作"儺"。 * "奈何"的合聲。 * 語氣助詞。相當於"哪"、"呵"。宋辛棄疾
difficult, arduous, hard; unable
Structure
Related substructures
Precursors
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
Last Modified: 2026-01-29 11:48 UTC