* 粤音ngaa6、aa6。 * 助词， 用于句末
(Cant.) final particle
TcTxNLMt
104 
Related structures
* 同"亚"
(interchangeable 亞) the next in order; secondary; second (in excellence), inferior; lower
* 同"䛩"
(same as U+46E9 䛩) to slander; to defame; (same as U+60E1 惡) to hate; to hold a grudge against
* 拼音è。一种细长像蛇的鱼
(translated) A slender, snake-like fish;
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 公亩的略记。1 公亩=100平方米
(translated) Abbreviation for are; 1 are = 100 square meters
* 粤音sā。 * 混乱
(translated) Cantonese pronunciation sā; chaos; disorder
* 粤音ǎa、ngǎa
(translated) Cantonese pronunciation: aa, ngaa
* 粤音ǎa、ngǎa
(translated) Cantonese pronunciations: ǎa, ngǎa
* 拼音è。义未详。 疑同"恶"
(translated) Meaning unclear; presumably same as "恶"
* 拼音wú。田虫
(translated) Pinyin wú. field insect
* 拼音gǔn。疑同"壸"
(translated) Presumably same as "壸"
* 拼音zhà。一种树
(translated) Pronounced zhà; a kind of tree
* 拼音wā
(translated) Pronunciation: wā
* 同"㓸"
(translated) Same as "㓸"
* 同"㺿"
(translated) Same as "㺿"
* 拼音yā。[～鬟] 同"丫环"， 婢女
(translated) Same as "丫环", maidservant; maid
* 同"亞"。 * 姓。也作"𣇩"
(translated) Same as "亞"; Surname; also written as "𣇩"
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"啞"
(translated) Same as "啞"
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"垭"
(translated) Same as "垭"
* 同"垭"
(translated) Same as "垭"
* 同"壶"
(translated) Same as "壶"
* 同"烟"
(translated) Same as "烟"
* 同"骝"
(translated) Same as "骝"
* 同"鬥"
(translated) Same as "鬥"
* 同"𠁕"
(translated) Same as "𠁕"
* 同"𠜲"
(translated) Same as "𠜲"
* 同"𢄦"
(translated) Same as "𢄦"
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𣉩"
(translated) Same as "𣉩"
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"𣞙"
(translated) Same as "𣞙"
* 同"𤂊"
(translated) Same as "𤂊"
* 同"𦶀" "恶"。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) Same as "𦶀" "恶"; Used in Chinese given names
* 同"𦼇"
(translated) Same as "𦼇"
* 同"𧡸"
(translated) Same as "𧡸"
* 同"𨪐"
(translated) Same as "𨪐"
* 同"𨮃"
(translated) Same as "𨮃"
* 同"𨷖"
(translated) Same as "𨷖"
* 同"𩓩"字。 公顷
(translated) Same as "𩓩"; hectare
* 同"𩚚"
(translated) Same as "𩚚"
* 同"𩸋"
(translated) Same as "𩸋"
* 同"壼"
(translated) Same as 壼
* 同"婹"
(translated) Same as 婹
* 同"留"
(translated) Same as 留
* 疑同同"璢"。中国人名用字
(translated) Suspected to be same as "璢"; Used as Chinese given name
* 用刀割頸
(translated) To cut the neck with a knife
* 読音おうち 或あふち日本汉字。 树名，楝的古名
(translated) Tree name; old name for Melia azedarach
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used for Chinese personal names
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 中国人名用字
(translated) Used in Chinese personal names
* 同"囷"
(translated) Variant form of "囷"
* 白玉
(translated) White jade
* 拼音wù。风
(translated) Wind
* 拼音yà。[矲～] 短
(translated) [矲～] short
* 古同"壼"
(translated) ancient form of 壼
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 拼音yà。关闭
(translated) close
* 拼音yà。心情抑郁
(translated) depressed mood
* 心病
(translated) emotional distress; worry
* ú、角粽
(translated) horn-shaped zongzi; pyramidal rice dumpling
* "𭃀" 的类推简化字
(translated) is the analogical simplified form of "𭃀"
* 倚；靠
(translated) lean on; rely on
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"哑"
(translated) mute
* 毒蛇
(translated) poisonous snake
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
* 疑同"郖"
(translated) presumably same as "郖"
* 拼音yǎ。行不正
(translated) pronunciation ya; conduct not upright
* 同"壶"。 * 拼音kǔn。 * 中国人名用字
(translated) same as "壶"; used in Chinese personal names
* 同"壼"
(translated) same as "壼"
* 同"宧"
(translated) same as "宧"
* 同"恶"
(translated) same as "恶"
* 同"𠁏"
(translated) same as "𠁏"
* 同"𩸋"
(translated) same as "𩸋"
* 同"斫"
(translated) same as chop
* 同"鹗"
(translated) same as osprey
* 同"洼"
(translated) same as 洼; depression
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"屙"
(translated) variant of "屙", meaning "to defecate"
* 读音ú 很胖
(translated) very fat
* 〔～孾（yīng ㄧㄥ）〕幼儿，如"～～三岁未识父。"
(translated) young child; infant
* 同"鸦"
Alternate form of 鴉: crow, raven; Corvus species (various)
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
yà:* 次一等，次于。 * 匹配；等同。 * 挨着；靠近。唐元稹 * 掩，闭。宋蔡伸 * 少。 * 丑，难看。 * 姐妹丈夫的互称。后作"婭"。 * 俯；低垂。也作"壓"。唐杜甫 * 亚洲的简称。如。 欧亚大陆。 * 姓。 yā:* 枝丫；分枝。也作"丫"、"椏"。 * 象声词。 è:* 同"惡"。 * 同"堊"
Asia; second; used as a prefix to names
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"壼"
Semantic variant of 壺: jar, pot, jug, vase; surname
è:* 古同"恶"。 wū:* 古同"恶"
Semantic variant of 惡: evil, wicked, bad, foul
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"污"
Semantic variant of 污: filthy, dirty, impure, polluted
* ａ．稻名；ｂ．稻摇动的样子；ｃ．稻多的样子
a kind of rice plant; shaking and waving of the rice plant
* 按维基百科的说法， 此字同"𡪸"， 是平方米（公厘） 的意思。（见" 计量用汉字"条目）
a square meter; one hundredth of a 公畝; same as "𡪸"
* 拼音ā。"氨" 的旧称。见《 汉语大字典》第二版730 页
ammonia (obsolete)
* 见"氩"
argonium
* 拼音yà。[㰻～] 驴叫。原《 中华字海》错为" 欭～"
asses braying, shortwindedness; hiccough, asthmatic breathing, supposed upward motion of the spirit (in Chinese herb medicine), to exhaust; extreme
* 见"垭"
character used in place names
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"啞"
dumb
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 均见"哑"
dumb, mute; become hoarse
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
è:* 罪過、不良的行為。 * 疾病。 * 汙垢、穢物。 * 糞便。 * 不善的、壞的。 * 粗劣的。 * 醜陋。 * 不適、不快。 * 極、甚。 * 害。 wù:* 憎恨、討厭。 * 冒犯、觸怒。 * 害怕、畏懼。 * 毀謗、中傷。 * 羞恥。 ě:* 見"惡心"。 wū:* 如何、怎麼。 * 表示驚訝的語氣
evil, wicked, bad, foul
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
è:* 罪過、不良的行為。 * 疾病。 * 汙垢、穢物。 * 糞便。 * 不善的、壞的。 * 粗劣的。 * 醜陋。 * 不適、不快。 * 極、甚。 * 害。 wù:* 憎恨、討厭。 * 冒犯、觸怒。 * 害怕、畏懼。 * 毀謗、中傷。 * 羞恥。 ě:* 見"惡心"。 wū:* 如何、怎麼。 * 表示驚訝的語氣
evil, wicked, bad, foul
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Clerical Script
c. 300 BCE–220 CE (emerged late Warring States/Qin; dominant Han)
A practical script that evolved from late Warring States/Qin writing; it matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, favoring faster, more rectilinear strokes.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 见"娅"
mutual term of address used by sons-in-law; a brother-in-law
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
wù:* 〔喑噁〕见"喑"。 wò:* 〔噁噁〕象声词。禽鸟叫声。 ě:* 〔噁心〕要呕吐或使人厌恶
nastiness; nauseate
* 古時宮中道路。也作內宮的代稱。 * 婦女居住的內室。 * 廣
palace corridor or passageway
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* [～]娇媚
pretend to be delicate and beautiful, to hang or be hanged, to be in suspension; unfounded
* "铔" 的繁体
soft steel; ammonium
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 古同"铔"
soft steel; ammonium
yà:* 硬把東西給人或賣給人。 yǎ:* 揮動。 ～斧相迎。 * 舀取
take; hold; give forcefully
yā:* 草木的分枝。 * 掩，閉。 * 木名。 ě:* 〔㰁椏〕見"㰁"
the forking branch of a tree
Oracle Bone Script
c. 1300–1050 BCE (Late Shang)
Inscriptions carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones for divination and record-keeping in the late Shang royal court; the oldest large attested corpus of written Chinese.Wikipedia ->
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
* 同"斲"
to cut to pieces; to hack; to chop or hew; to carve for ornaments
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Chu Script
c. 770–221 BCE (Chu, Spring & Autumn–Warring States)
A regional script tradition used in the state of Chu, best known from brush-written bamboo and silk manuscripts with distinctive local forms.Wikipedia ->
Qin Script
c. 475–206 BCE (Qin, Warring States → Qin dynasty)
Qin-area character forms attested on bamboo/wood slips (e.g., Shuihudi, deposited 217 BCE), overlapping chronologically with the standardization of seal script and the emergence of clerical tendencies.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->
wù:* 说人坏话。 qià:* 同"惡"。厌恶。 * 〔䛩訝〕言不正。 è:* 同"啞"。笑
to slander; to defame, (same as 惡) to abominate; to detest, (same as 啞) to laugh; to grin
Bronze Inscriptions
c. 1200–221 BCE (Shang–Zhou; continues into the Warring States)
Inscriptions cast or engraved on ritual bronzes, especially prominent from the Western Zhou onward; a major source for early political, ritual, and social history.Wikipedia ->
Small Seal Script
Standardized 221–206 BCE (Qin); developed earlier in Qin
The standardized seal script promulgated after Qin’s unification, based on earlier Qin seal forms and used as an empire-wide norm.Wikipedia ->
Transmitted Pre-Qin Forms
Pre-Qin forms (≤221 BCE) / late 2nd century BCE onward (Han → later textual transmission)
Pre-Qin character forms preserved through later textual transmission (often discussed as the 'Old Text' / guwen tradition). Shaped by repeated copying, they can diverge from excavated Warring States materials.Wikipedia ->